Alliances were an important feature of the international system on the eve of Wo…

New weapons produced during the Industrial Revolution in the late 1800s heighten…

While there were no major wars between European great powers in the decades prec…

The article discusses the role of the media in the complex international process…

This article surveys the financial and economic planning for war before 1914 in …

How war was imagined before the outbreak of conflict in 1914 has been an ongoing…

This article focuses on the extent to which imperialism contributed to the outbr…

The article examines international efforts to curb states’ war-making prerogativ…

The international crisis that began with the assassination of Archduke Franz Fer…

Militarism is a vague term that has meant different things to different people a…

This article offers an overview of the progress of nationalism and the national …

German and British war planning has attracted a great deal of attention, but als…

The debate about the origins of the war remains a vibrant area of historical res…

Imperialism shaped almost every facet of international politics from 1898 to 191…

There are in the literature on the economic history of the Great War different a…

Like the Sino- and Russo-Japanese Wars, the First World War gave an enormous boo…

When World War I broke out, the military conquest of the countries located betwe…

The dominions of Australia, Canada, Newfoundland, New Zealand, and South Africa …

In 1917, with tens of thousands of Canadian soldiers killed and wounded, the end…

New Zealand’s wartime parliament was dominated by a coalition between the two ma…

This article seeks to analyze how the International Committee of the Red Cross (…

The Ottoman Empire was the most religiously diverse empire in Europe and Asia. M…

The situation of the press in East Central Europe worsened after the outbreak of…

Africa did not feature prominently in pre-war military planning. Once the Allies…

The Union of South Africa was formed ten years after the internecine Second Angl…

A self-governing dominion of white settlers within the British Empire, Australia…

Austria-Hungary’s General Staff enjoyed a monopoly on war planning. Its long-tim…

Following the Treaty of London in 1839, pre-war planning theories in Belgium osc…

In the years leading up to the Great War, Canadian military planning was driven …

This article focuses on the military anticipation and preparation for war in Fra…

With the Schlieffen Plan, the Great General Staff developed a detailed deploymen…

When Europe went to war in 1914, the continental belligerents had plans for the …

From 1870 to 1914, given the inferiority of the Italian army with respect to tha…

Following its defeats during the Balkan Wars (1912-1913), the Ottoman Empire rec…

This article is devoted to the main stages and areas of military planning in Rus…

Nations of South East Europe had just ended a short but very intense period of w…

During the two and a half years leading up to America’s entry into World War I, …

Several distinct cultural, political, and class-based groups organized paramilit…

On the eve of World War I, Ottoman civil society was flourishing. New political …

On 25 May 1915, Argentina’s, Brazil’s and Chile’s ministers of foreign affairs s…

Until his death in 1918, Victor Adler was the most prominent Austrian socialist …

Reported missing in action in September 1914, Alain-Fournier is not officially c…

In 1914 Muhammad Kurd ‘Ali was Damascus’ most prominent journalist, owner and ed…

Alsace-Lorraine was a border region located between the Rhine River and the Vosg…

Askari is a word that means “soldier” or “police” in Kiswahili, Arabic, Turkish…

The Austro-Hungarian automotive industry and the necessary equipment for militar…

Arthur James Balfour was a British Conservative politician and statesman who ser…

The Balkan Wars were two sharp conflicts that heralded the onset of World War I.…

Graf Leopold Berchtold, Habsburg foreign minister from 1912 to 1915, was confron…

Friedrich von Bernhardi was one of the most important and most controversial mil…

This article looks at the Black Hand from its origins to the demise of its leade…

Jan Bloch was an entrepreneur, social activist and pacifist. At the end of his l…

In the narrow sense, the so-called “Bosnian Crisis” (or “Annexation Crisis”) of …

Brazil was the only South American country that participated actively in the Fir…

For three decades Romania’s foreign policy depended almost entirely upon King Ca…

The life and works of the poet Blaise Cendrars testify to a disturbing paradox: …

Friedrich Naumann’s Mitteleuropa (1915) was a liberal voice in the largely illib…

Franz Conrad von Hötzendorf was an Austrian officer and Chief of the General Sta…

Anton Ivanovich Denikin was a Russian general, politician and writer. He fought …

Adopted in 1906, HMS Dreadnought represented an innovative battleship design tha…

Before the war, Ethiopia had many diplomatic connections with European states an…

John Fisher led the Royal Navy in the run-up to and in the early years of the Fi…

The First World War engendered a rift within the Flemish movement, with some wis…

Under the terms of the 1867 constitution, Francis Joseph retained his prerogativ…

This biographical overview of Archduke Franz Ferdinand examines the evolution of…

Germany’s offer of unconditional support to its Austro-Hungarian ally in July 19…

Grigorovich was Navy Minister between 1911 and 1917. He sought cooperation with …

Italy entered the First World War in May 1915, roughly ten months after it began…

The campaign for Irish Home Rule lasted from 1870 until 1914. When Home Rule bec…

The Italo-Turkish War (1911-1912) took place mainly in Ottoman Libya following I…

A philosopher, historian, and journalist (creator of L’Humanité), Jean Jaurès de…

Karl Kraus was one of the 20th century’s most significant satirists. While his p…

The child of Circassian refugees, Eşref Kuşçubaşı attended military schools befo…

Although he was a Nobel Prize winner, the name of Henri La Fontaine has somewhat…

It was the complex and far-reaching transformation of the Mexican Revolution rat…

E. D. Morel was one of the earliest critics of the secret diplomacy and alliance…

The two Moroccan crises represent the product of “rapacious joint imperialism.” …

The Anglo-German naval race was the most spectacular strand of the general marit…

Nicaragua’s experience during the First World War was influenced by the geopolit…

This article focuses on the construction of the Panama Canal as a prelude to Wor…

Panslavism was a movement based on the conviction that all speakers of Slavic la…

A talented administrator but a mediocre general, Cavit Pasha served in various p…

Esat Pasha played a key role during the Gallipoli campaign and achieved renown a…

A first father of modern Turkey before Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, and the driving fo…

Kosta Pecanac was a prominent chetnik leader before the Great War and one of the…

Polish paramilitary organizations were active in Galicia from 1910 to 1914 with …

The Socialists’ opposition to war in France, Germany and Italy during the period…

The Prochaska Affair was a diplomatic dispute between Austria-Hungary and Serbia…

On 25 May 1913 Colonel Alfred Redl, the former head of Austria-Hungary’s militar…

Social and political unrest swept the Russian Empire in 1905, forcing the autocr…

The Russo-Japanese War of 1904-1905, caused by Russian and Japanese expansionism…

Although sanjak usually means any one of many Ottoman administrative units, one …

The Sarajevo incident refers to the events surrounding the assassination of Arch…

Sergei Sazonov became Russian Foreign Minister in autumn 1910. In July 1914 he a…

Count Alfred Schlieffen was chief of the Great General Staff of the Prussian-Ger…

The Scutari Crisis illustrates questions surrounding the creation of the new Alb…

During the First World War, political writer and editor of Lithuanian magazines,…

Social Darwinism was an intellectual movement of the late 19th and early 20th ce…

Having gained success throughout Europe with his compositions for the Ballets Ru…

Bertha von Suttner (1843-1914) was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1905. She wr…

Kārlis Ulmanis was the first prime minister of the Republic of Latvia. His four …

Since the beginning of the 20th century, political conflicts determined relation…

During the First World War, as professor at the University of Perm (Russia), Aug…

Wilhelm Friedrich Heinrich Prince of Wied, born to a German Protestant noble fam…

Though largely understudied to date, the regions in the western Balkans inhabite…

The impact of the First World War on Australia was so profound that its memory d…

The article surveys the social and military history of Austria-Hungary during th…

This article presents a survey of the First World War in the region of today’s s…

From 1912 to 1918 Bulgaria engaged in a prolonged conflict that began in victory…

The Dominion of Canada automatically went to war in August 1914 when Britain did…

This article discusses China’s role in the First World War with a focus on the c…

With its economy highly reliant on Great Britain, Germany and other European nat…

Egypt played an important role in World War I. Although it saw limited combat op…

To study France during the “Great War” – as it was called as early as 1914 – inv…

When war broke out, in light of increasingly inflexible constellations and allia…

Greece officially entered the Great War rather belatedly in June 1917, despite i…

Ireland’s war experience cannot be separated from Irish politics. Indeed, the st…

When the First World War broke out in Europe, Latin Americans of all social stra…

Montenegro entered the First World War politically and militarily exhausted. The…

The Ottoman and European colonial contexts are the necessary background for unde…

During the Great War, the Ottoman Empire fought on several major and minor front…

This paper presents the process of building an independent Polish state during t…

Portugal’s participation in the First World War was depicted by its supporters a…

World War I afforded the first opportunity for modern Romania to participate in …

The Russian Empire entered the war in order to preserve its Great Power status, …

A short synthesis on Serbia's role and experience in the Great War encompasses s…

The people of Southern Africa experienced the First World War as a continuation …

This article examines Spain’s neutrality during the Great War, highlighting fact…

For Sweden, the impact of the war was twofold. On the one hand, it was a test to…

The Netherlands remained neutral during the First World War, but was nevertheles…

In 1914, the Union of South Africa was four years old; its military only two. Br…

This article examines the deployment of West African soldiers for military servi…

The idea for the unification of the Southern Slavs emerged in the 19th century a…