The nature of the First World War put an end to traditions for battle painting. …
246 Results
Survey Articles (Thematic)
Thematic
Art
By Sue Malvern
Thematic
Caricatures
By Eberhard Demm
This article presents cartoonists as patriotic propagandists mobilizing their pe…
Thematic
Censorship
By Eberhard Demm
Censorship was an indispensable war weapon: its task was to keep the people in a…
Thematic
Centenary (Computer Games)
By Chris Kempshall
The First World War centenary saw an emergence of new portrayals of the conflict…
Thematic
Centenary (Internet)
By Lorna M. Hughes, Ian G. Anderson
The centenary events surrounding the First World War have produced a significant…
Thematic
Centenary (Libraries)
By Matthew Shaw
Libraries (local, specialist, and national) contributed in numerous and importan…
Thematic
Centenary (Museums)
By Andrea Brait
This article discusses how European museums – in particular, national war museum…
Thematic
Centenary (Visual Arts)
By Paul Gough
The commemorative period between 2014 and 2018 was marked globally by numerous e…
Thematic
Controversy: The Media's Responsibility for Crises and Conflicts in the Age of Imperialism
By Peter Geiss
The article discusses the role of the media in the complex international process…
Thematic
Film/Cinema
By Roger Smither
The First World War played a significant role in the evolution of film both as a…
Thematic
Graphic Arts and Advertising as War Propaganda
By James Aulich
This article discusses the close relationships between national governments, adv…
Thematic
Literature
By David Budgen
This article seeks to present an overview of First World War literature across m…
Thematic
Making Sense of the War
By Jo Fox
Claims to “just war” formed the basis for the propaganda campaigns of the First …
Thematic
Maps, Geography and the Representation of Space
By Ute Schneider
After the First World War, the general staffs and military geographers of all th…
Thematic
Media Discourse after the War
By André Keil
The discourse about the Great War during the interwar period was shaped by numer…
Thematic
Memory of the War: Popular Memory 1918-1945, 1945 to the Present
By Susanne Brandt
What role do representations of the First World War play in media that reach a w…
Thematic
Othering/Atrocity Propaganda
By Steffen Bruendel
In August 1914, a targeted and systematic manipulation of opinion by the media, …
Thematic
Photography
By Hilary Roberts
The First World War represents a watershed in the history of war photography. It…
Thematic
Press/Journalism
By Florian Keisinger
Word War I had a significant impact on the evolution of the European media scene…
Thematic
Propaganda at home and abroad
By Eberhard Demm
This article summarizes and compares the principal arguments and strategies of p…
Thematic
Propaganda: Media in War Politics
By Stephen Badsey
Propaganda played an important part in the politics of the war, but was only suc…
Thematic
Soldier Newspapers
By Robert L. Nelson
Soldier newspapers are a massive, yet little used primary source of the First Wo…
Thematic
Staging War. Theatre 1914-1918
By Eva Krivanec
From 1914 to 1918, theatres in all major European cities staged plays – comedies…
Thematic
Visualization of Violence
By Mark Connelly
This piece explores the visualisation of violence for home front audiences and s…
Thematic
War Correspondents
By Tim Luckhurst
At its outbreak, newspapers in the Allied and neutral democracies hoped to prese…
Thematic
Women War Reporters
By Stephanie Seul
Female war reporters from belligerent and neutral countries were present in the …
Regional Thematic Articles
Regional Thematic
Art (Australia)
By Margaret Hutchison
Artistic responses to Australia’s war effort were diverse and engaging. Soldiers…
Regional Thematic
Art (Italy)
By Monica Cioli
The article demonstrates the significance of the Great War for Italian Futurism:…
Regional Thematic
Art (Portugal)
By Pedro Lapa
The Great War coincided with a period of great changes and conceptions as regard…
Regional Thematic
Film/Cinema (Australia)
By Daniel Reynaud
Australian cinema experienced a war of two halves during 1914-1918. The start wa…
Regional Thematic
Film/Cinema (Belgium)
By Leen Engelen
This article examines cinema in relation to the First World War in Belgium from …
Regional Thematic
Film/Cinema (Denmark)
By Bjarne Søndergaard Bendtsen
In the years leading up to the First World War, Danish film gained a prominent p…
Regional Thematic
Film/Cinema (East Central Europe)
By Karina Pryt
Until 1914, cinema in the Polish lands was shaped by borders between the partiti…
Regional Thematic
Film/Cinema (France)
By Michael Paris
This article offers a survey of how French filmmakers covered the Great War. Beg…
Regional Thematic
Film/Cinema (Germany)
By Wolfgang Mühl-Benninghaus
Films about the First World War began to attract academic attention towards the …
Regional Thematic
Film/Cinema (Great Britain)
By Michael Paris
This article explores how British cinematographers filmed the war and how the fi…
Regional Thematic
Film/Cinema (Italy)
By Alessandro Faccioli
Italian cinema has tried with difficulty to exploit the narrative idealization o…
Regional Thematic
Film/Cinema (Ottoman Empire)
By Özde Çeliktemel-Thomen
This article explores film production and screening in the Ottoman Empire during…
Regional Thematic
Film/Cinema (Portugal)
By Tiago Baptista
This article discusses the production and reception of Portuguese and foreign “w…
Regional Thematic
Film/Cinema (Russian Empire)
By Alexandre Sumpf
An early actor in the cinema industry, Russia held a special position due to the…
Regional Thematic
Film/Cinema (South East Europe)
By Radina Vučetić
This article offers a synthetic picture of the presence of World War I motifs in…
Regional Thematic
Film/Cinema (Spain)
By Daniel Sánchez-Salas
Spain’s official neutrality during the First World War influenced the developmen…
Regional Thematic
Film/Cinema (Sweden)
By Ulf Zander
Sweden succeeded in remaining a non-combatant through the First World War. Howev…
Regional Thematic
Film/Cinema (The Netherlands)
By Klaas de Zwaan
Film did not undermine Dutch neutrality during the First World War, but Dutch ci…
Regional Thematic
Film/Cinema (USA)
By Leslie Midkiff DeBauche
The American film industry became a cultural and business powerhouse during Worl…
Regional Thematic
French Canada and the War (Canada)
By Mélanie Morin-Pelletier
In 1917, with tens of thousands of Canadian soldiers killed and wounded, the end…
Regional Thematic
German versus US Intelligence in Latin America
By Jamie Bisher
Latin America figured prominently in Germany’s global war strategy, though after…
Regional Thematic
Literature (Africa)
By Kenneth J. Orosz
Memoirs, songs, poems and fiction dealing with the great war in Africa began to …
Regional Thematic
Literature (Australia)
By Christina Spittel
The First World War occupies a significant, though not uncontested place in the …
Regional Thematic
Literature (Austria-Hungary)
By Monika Szczepaniak
This article considers the links between Austrian literature and the First World…
Regional Thematic
Literature (Belgium)
By Sophie De Schaepdrijver
Belgium’s war literature, in both Dutch (Flemish) and in French, covers differen…
Regional Thematic
Literature (France)
By Nicolas Beaupré
Behind the lines, writers largely supported the war effort in their countries. A…
Regional Thematic
Literature (Germany)
By Bernd Hüppauf
World War I literature is a reflection of a collective crisis of confidence and …
Regional Thematic
Literature (Great Britain and Ireland)
By Jane Potter
The literature produced in Great Britain and Ireland during and after the First …
Regional Thematic
Literature (India)
By Santanu Das
In spite of the global turn in First World War historiography, the colour of the…
Regional Thematic
Literature (Italy)
By Fabio Todero
Literary activity in Italy during the Great War was based on a very wide range o…
Regional Thematic
Literature (Japan)
By Hiroaki Nakayama
For many years it was considered that the First World War had nothing to do with…
Regional Thematic
Literature (Middle East)
By Najwa al-Qattan
This article provides an overview of 20th century Syrian/Lebanese literature on …
Regional Thematic
Literature (Ottoman Empire)
By Hülya Adak
The linguistic heterogeneity and literary plurality of the Ottoman Empire has ty…
Regional Thematic
Literature (Portugal)
By Francisco Miguel Araújo
World War I, the only global conflict in which Portugal participated during the …
Regional Thematic
Literature (Russian Empire)
By Nikolaus Katzer
This article outlines the corpus and characteristics of Russian literature durin…
Regional Thematic
Literature: Serbia (South East Europe)
By Gordana Ilić Marković
The Serbian literature of the First World War, written by authors both from the …
Regional Thematic
Literature (Switzerland)
By Nicole Billeter
During the First World War, many authors from neighbouring countries who spoke o…
Regional Thematic
Literature (USA)
By Mark Whalan
This article surveys the major fiction, drama, and poetry connected with World W…
Regional Thematic
Making Sense of the War (Africa)
By Michael Pesek
For the majority of Africans this war was a European war. However, it was also a…
Regional Thematic
Making Sense of the War (Australia)
By Bart Ziino
This article examines Australians’ attempts to make sense of a war on the other …
Regional Thematic
Making Sense of the War (Belgium)
By Sophie De Schaepdrijver
Belgium’s war experience was sui generis. The vast majority of Belgians experien…
Regional Thematic
Making Sense of the War (China)
By Yan He
Historically, scholars largely disregarded China’s First World War involvement, …
Regional Thematic
Making Sense of the War (Denmark)
By Bjarne Søndergaard Bendtsen
Denmark was declared neutral at the outbreak of the war in 1914, and in a messag…
Regional Thematic
Making Sense of the War (France)
By Juliette Courmont
To support the war, people needed to be able to make sense of it, and the French…
Regional Thematic
Making Sense of the War (Germany)
By Jürgen von Ungern-Sternberg
This article deals with the reactions of German scholars and artists to the Firs…
Regional Thematic
Making Sense of the War (Great Britain and Ireland)
By Catriona Pennell
At the outbreak of war, the populations of Britain and Ireland understood that v…
Regional Thematic
Making Sense of the War (India)
By Claude Markovits
Although India was not a theatre of war, World War I produced a major inflexion …
Regional Thematic
Making Sense of the War (Japan)
By Isao Chiba
Despite Japan’s critical contribution to the Allied cause, until recent years, h…
Regional Thematic
Making Sense of the War (Latin America)
By Michael Goebel, María Inés Tato
The First World War significantly impacted Latin American intellectuals’ view on…
Regional Thematic
Making Sense of the War (New Zealand)
By Kirstie Ross
Almost all New Zealanders made sense of the Great War within the context of thre…
Regional Thematic
Making Sense of the War (Norway)
By Eirik Brazier
This article explores how Norwegian intellectuals and cultural elites interprete…
Regional Thematic
Making Sense of the War (Ottoman Empire/Middle East)
By Charalampos Minasidis
As World War I ravaged Europe and the Ottoman military mobilized, Ottoman societ…
Regional Thematic
Making Sense of the War (Portugal)
By Filipe Ribeiro de Meneses
A latecomer to the war, Portugal underwent a long and divisive debate about whet…
Regional Thematic
Making Sense of the War (Spain)
By Carolina García Sanz
This article deals with Spanish representations of neutrality and war within dom…
Regional Thematic
Making Sense of the War (Sweden)
By Anne Hedén
This text gives a brief overview of the Swedish intellectual, literary and media…
Regional Thematic
Making Sense of the War (The Netherlands)
By Marjet Brolsma
This article deals with the collective narratives Dutch intellectuals drew upon …
Regional Thematic
Making Sense of the War (USA)
By Branden Little
Americans comprehended the First World War as a disaster. Their understandings o…
Regional Thematic
Music (Ottoman Empire/Middle East)
By Jonathan Glasser
The World War One years are often treated as a blank spot in the musical history…
Regional Thematic
Music (Portugal)
By Pedro Félix
This article concerns music production in Portugal during the war years. In orde…
Regional Thematic
Photography (Ottoman Empire/Middle East)
By Issam Nassar
This article traces some of the uses of photography on the Ottoman fronts during…
Regional Thematic
Polish War Myths (East Central Europe)
By Paweł Brudek
During the First World War, Józef Piłsudski and his followers invented the legen…
Regional Thematic
Press Censorship (Portugal)
By Noémia Malva Novais
When we think of the press and journalism in Portugal under the First Republic (…
Regional Thematic
Press/Journalism (Australia)
By Richard Trembath
This article examines the Australian press in the First World War. It concentrat…
Regional Thematic
Press/Journalism (Austria-Hungary)
By Petronilla Ehrenpreis
The undisputed superiority of the Western Powers, above all Great Britain in the…
Regional Thematic
Press/Journalism (Belgium)
By Pierre Van Den Dungen
The Belgian press world was turned upside down by the German occupation. Most of…
Regional Thematic
Press/Journalism (East Central Europe)
By Paweł Brudek
The situation of the press in East Central Europe worsened after the outbreak of…
Regional Thematic
Press/Journalism (France)
By Joëlle Beurier
This article addresses the notions of propaganda and censorship between 1914 and…
Regional Thematic
Press/Journalism (Germany)
By Florian Altenhöner
Germany entered the First World War without a sophisticated censorship or propag…
Regional Thematic
Press/Journalism (Great Britain and Ireland)
By David Monger
Discussions of press and propaganda in the British Isles sometimes focus excessi…
Regional Thematic
Press/Journalism (India)
By Andrew Tait Jarboe
India hosted a vibrant and active wartime press: one that while generally suppor…
Regional Thematic
Press/Journalism (Italy)
By Mauro Forno
Propaganda, combined with censorship, was indubitably one of the genuinely novel…
Regional Thematic
Press/Journalism (Middle East)
By Benan Grams
This article seeks to examine how World War I influenced the Arabic press. Wheth…
Regional Thematic
Press/Journalism (New Zealand)
By Susann Liebich
Newspapers were crucial in bringing news of the First World War to readers in Ne…
Regional Thematic
Press/Journalism (Ottoman Empire)
By Ekin Enacar
Upon entering World War I, the Ottoman government imposed military censorship on…
Regional Thematic
Press/Journalism (Russian Empire)
By Irina Zhdanova
Tsarist censorship strictly limited the information about military operations th…
Regional Thematic
Press/Journalism: Serbia (South East Europe)
By Srđan M. Jovanović
Not unlike its regional counterparts, the standards of press and journalism in S…
Regional Thematic
Press/Journalism (USA)
By Alisa Miller
In the United States, the press played a key role in shaping public opinion towa…
Regional Thematic
Press (Latin America)
By Patricia Vega Jiménez
Latin America experienced the Great War, which consumed Europe between 1914 and …
Regional Thematic
Propaganda at Home and Abroad (East Central Europe)
By Paweł Brudek
This article discusses the content and impact of various propaganda strategies w…
Regional Thematic
Propaganda at Home and in Exile (South East Europe)
By Samuel Foster
This article explores the nature of propaganda in those South East European stat…
Regional Thematic
Propaganda at Home (Australia)
By Emily Robertson
Australian government propaganda was subordinate to state and federal recruiting…
Regional Thematic
Propaganda at Home (Austria-Hungary)
By Mark Cornwall
In wartime Austria-Hungary, propaganda’s usefulness for manipulating public opin…
Regional Thematic
Propaganda at Home (Belgium)
By Bénédicte Rochet
August 1914: “Poor Little Belgium”, martyred by the German invader, became an ef…
Regional Thematic
Propaganda at Home (France)
By Charles Ridel
A conflict that was industrial and technological, the Great War was also a war o…
Regional Thematic
Propaganda at Home (Germany)
By Vanessa Ther
This article introduces the changing sources, intentions and themes of war propa…
Regional Thematic
Propaganda at Home (Great Britain and Ireland)
By David Monger
British and Irish domestic propaganda evolved patchily throughout the war. It un…
Regional Thematic
Propaganda at Home (Italy)
By Beatrice Pisa
The Italian government, in line with its liberal political views, left the mater…
Regional Thematic
Propaganda at Home (Ottoman Empire)
By Deniz Dölek-Sever
This article surveys propaganda on the Ottoman home front during the Great War b…
Regional Thematic
Propaganda at Home (Portugal)
By Noémia Malva Novais
Propaganda, like censorship, is legitimized by states at war due to the alleged …
Regional Thematic
Propaganda at Home (Russian Empire)
By Alexander Medyakov
This article studies the main institutions, forms, content, means, and degree of…
Regional Thematic
Propaganda at Home (USA)
By Robert A. Wells
This article examines the role and activities of the Committee on Public Informa…
Regional Thematic
Propaganda (China)
By Andreas Steen
After China had declared its neutrality in the European conflict, the foreign po…
Regional Thematic
Propaganda in the Colonies (Africa)
By Kenneth J. Orosz
Unlike the metropole, none of the colonial powers in Africa operated a centrally…
Regional Thematic
Propaganda War (Latin America)
By Stefan Rinke
Latin America was a major battlefield for worldwide propaganda because the conti…
Regional Thematic
Recording the Experiences of War: Personal Accounts of World War I (USA)
By Edward G. Lengel
The experiences of American soldiers, uniformed noncombatants, and civilians on …
Encyclopedic Entries
Entry
Alain-Fournier, Henri
By Laurence Campa
Reported missing in action in September 1914, Alain-Fournier is not officially c…
Entry
Albertini, Luigi
By Rosaria Leonardi
Luigi Albertini was a journalist and editor-in-chief of one of the most importan…
Entry
Alī, Muḥammad Kurd
By Samir Seikaly
In 1914 Muhammad Kurd ‘Ali was Damascus’ most prominent journalist, owner and ed…
Entry
All Quiet on the Western Front (novel)
By Thomas Schneider
The anti-war novel Im Westen nichts Neues (All Quiet on the Western Front) by Er…
Entry
Angell, Ralph Norman
By Martin Ceadel
Norman Angell (birth name Ralph Norman Lane), built a long career as an internat…
Entry
Apollinaire, Guillaume
By Annette Becker
Although he actually died of Spanish influenza, the trepanned avant-garde poet w…
Entry
Barbusse, Henri
By Laurence Campa
Fulfilling the archetype of the war writer, Henri Barbusse is the embodiment of …
Entry
Barthas, Louis
By Rémy Cazals
A barrelmaker in a French village and corporal at war in an infantry regiment, L…
Entry
Beckmann, Max
By Annette Becker
Initially fascinated by the front, the painter quickly understood that the war w…
Entry
Bergson, Henri
By Stanley E. Gontarski
Widely known as a philosopher in France from the publication of his first book i…
Entry
Bernhardi, Friedrich von
By Markus Pöhlmann
_IMG-128x128.jpg)
Friedrich von Bernhardi was one of the most important and most controversial mil…
Entry
Bernhardt, Sarah
By Emmanuelle Loubat
Sarah Bernhardt was a French actress. During the war, she showed great commitmen…
Entry
Bild- und Filmamt (BUFA)
By Heidi J.S. Tworek
The German Supreme Army Command created Bild- und Filmamt (BUFA) in January 1917…
Entry
Brazil
By Frederik Schulze
Brazil was the only South American country that participated actively in the Fir…
Entry
Brittain, Vera
By Carol Acton
Vera Brittain’s memoir Testament of Youth, and her wartime diary published in 19…
Entry
Carrier Pigeons (Portugal)
By João Moreira Tavares
Since ancient times, carrier pigeons have been used successfully in various arme…
Entry
Cendrars, Blaise
By Laurence Campa
The life and works of the poet Blaise Cendrars testify to a disturbing paradox: …
Entry
Charles Bean
By Aaron Pegram
Charles Bean was Australia’s official war correspondent who later wrote and edit…
Entry
Children's Literature
By Berenice Zunino
Extracurricular mobilization of children through literature took place between 1…
Entry
Creel, George
By John T. Broom
George Creel is most famous as Chairman of the Committee on Public Information (…
Entry
Cru, Jean Norton
By Rémy Cazals
Jean Norton Cru did not consider himself a historian. Yet his life’s work, Témoi…
Entry
Dada
By Josepha Laroche
Dada, a transnational movement of artists, was founded in Zurich in 1916. It dis…
Entry
D'Annunzio, Gabriele
By Vanda Wilcox
One of Italy’s leading literary figures, Gabriele D’Annunzio agitated for Italia…
Entry
Delvert, Charles
By Michaël Bourlet
Charles Delvert was one of the witnesses of the Great War. A graduate of the Éco…
Entry
Dix, Otto
By Kirsten Fitzke
In his oeuvre, the German painter Otto Dix dealt more intensively with wartime e…
Entry
Dorgelès, Roland
By Laurence Campa
Roland Dorgelès is the author of the pacifist novel Wooden Crosses (1919), a gre…
Entry
Esperanto
By Malte König
-128x128.jpg)
The artificial language Esperanto was intended for establishing a uniform means …
Entry
Expressionism
By Enrique Mallen
Expressionism is a movement that originated in Germany before World War I and ex…
Entry
Feuillade, Louis
By Manon Billaut
Louis Feuillade was a popular filmmaker in France in the years leading up to and…
Entry
Flex, Walter
By Nicolas Detering
Walter Flex was a nationalist war poet and author of The Wanderer Between Two Wo…
Entry
Forain, Jean-Louis
By Brett M. Van Hoesen
Jean-Louis Forain was a French artist, who specialized in painting, print making…
Entry
"Ford Division"
By Nicholas J. Steneck
A division within the Committee on Public Information (CPI), the Ford Division, …
Entry
Freud, Sigmund
By Maciej Górny
Sigmund Freud, the founding father of psychoanalysis, expressed a war-weariness …
Entry
Friedrich, Ernst
By Susanne Brandt
Ernst Friedrich was the founder of Germany’s only anti-war museum. When the muse…
Entry
Garros, Roland
By Eric Mahieu
Roland Garros was a well-known French aviation pioneer before the war and succes…
Entry
Genevoix, Maurice
By Laurence Campa
The war turned Maurice Genevoix into a writer. He embodied soldier loyalty and w…
Entry
Gibbs, Philip
By Stephen Badsey
Philip Gibbs was the most celebrated, and arguably the most important, of the Br…
Entry
Graffiti
By Julian Walker
Graffiti expressed both subversion and enthusiasm for the war. It was used by of…
Entry
Graves, Robert
By Fran Brearton
Robert Graves was a British writer who enlisted in August 1914. He fought at the…
Entry
Grosz, George
By Dagmar Schmengler
The artist George Grosz was a keen observer of post-war Germany and highly criti…
Entry
Halbwachs, Maurice
By Annette Becker
Declared unfit for military service, sociologist Maurice Halbwachs worked under …
Entry
Harden, Maximilian
By Norman Domeier
Maximilian Harden was one of the leading publicists and intellectuals both of th…
Entry
Hemingway, Ernest
By Alex Vernon
Ernest Hemingway was an American who served as a Red Cross ambulance lieutenant …
Entry
Hindostan (newspaper)
By Heike Liebau
Hindostan was a propaganda periodical for South Asian prisoners of war in the so…
Entry
Howell, Evelyn Berkeley, Sir
By Gajendra Singh
Evelyn Berkeley Howell was appointed Chief Censor of Indian military corresponde…
Entry
Island of Peace (Switzerland)
By Béatrice Ziegler
During World War I, the idea of Switzerland as a peaceful island was created and…
Entry
Jünger, Ernst
By Richard Kühl
Ernst Jünger was a German writer. His book Storm of Steel (In Stahlgewittern) is…
Entry
Khilafat Movement
By Gail Minault
The Khilafat movement was an agitation by Indian Muslims, allied with Indian nat…
Entry
Klabund
By Markus Pöhlmann
_IMG-128x128.jpg)
The German poet Klabund emerged as a lyrical war propagandist during the first t…
Entry
Kollwitz, Käthe
By Brett M. Van Hoesen
_IMG-128x128.jpg)
The German artist Käthe Kollwitz became one of the most influential artists of h…
Entry
Kraus, Karl
By Ari Linden
Karl Kraus was one of the 20th century’s most significant satirists. While his p…
Entry
La Fontaine, Henri
By Jacques Gillen
Although he was a Nobel Prize winner, the name of Henri La Fontaine has somewhat…
Entry
La Madelon (song)
By Charles Rearick
The music hall song “La Madelon” was first performed in Paris café concerts befo…
Entry
Lamszus, Wilhelm
By Gerd Hankel
Wilhelm Lamszus was a progressive educator from Hamburg. He is known beyond the …
Entry
Le Feu (novel)
By Olaf Müller
Henri Barbusse published the emblematic French war novel Le Feu in 1916. Given t…
Entry
Léger, Fernand
By Annette Becker
Léger was fascinated by the front, but barely ever depicted what he saw in his w…
Entry
Liang, Qichao
By Clemens Büttner
Liang Qichao was the driving intellectual force behind the Chinese decision to j…
Entry
Mann, Heinrich
By Jürgen Pelzer
As an early critic of the social and political conditions of the Wilheminian soc…
Entry
Mann, Thomas
By Jürgen Pelzer
In contrast to his brother Heinrich Mann, Thomas Mann shared the widespread supp…
Entry
Mare, André
By Laurence Graffin
André Mare was an artist close to the avant-garde movement and was called to ser…
Entry
Mata Hari
By Marianne Walle
Mata Hari was a famous Dutch female dancer, who spied in France for the German i…
Entry
Max Aitken, Lord Beaverbrook
By Geoffrey Hayes
This article offers a brief survey of the Canadian-born newspaper baron, Max Ait…
Entry
Morel, Edmund Dene
By Christy Jo Snider
E. D. Morel was one of the earliest critics of the secret diplomacy and alliance…
Entry
Murdoch, Keith Arthur, Sir
By Richard Trembath
Keith Murdoch was an Australian journalist and newspaper proprietor. His Gallipo…
Entry
Music
By Akeo Okada
The First World War fundamentally changed the course of 20th century music. The …
Entry
Musil, Robert
By Oliver Pfohlmann
The Austrian writer Robert Musil served as a soldier throughout the entire perio…
Entry
Nash, Paul
By Paul Gough
Paul Nash was a British painter who served as an infantry officer and an officia…
Entry
Nevinson, C. R. W. (Christopher Richard Wynne)
By Kevin Hogg
_IMG-128x128.jpg)
C. R. W. Nevinson was a British painter who served as an official war artist in …
Entry
Nicaragua
By Dennis Arias Mora
Nicaragua’s experience during the First World War was influenced by the geopolit…
Entry
Northcliffe, Alfred Charles William Harmsworth, Viscount
By Adrian Bingham
Lord Northcliffe was the owner of the influential London newspapers the Daily Ma…
Entry
Ojetti, Ugo
By Selena Daly
Ugo Ojetti was a journalist who, during the war, was tasked with the protection …
Entry
Orpen, William
By Donal Maguire
William Orpen, portraitist and subject painter, born in Dublin, was one of the m…
Entry
Owen, Wilfred
By Jane Potter
Wilfred Owen was a poet and soldier who wrote some of the most memorable poems o…
Entry
Paderewski, Ignacy Jan
By Andrzej Chojnowski
Ignacy Jan Paderewski was a virtuoso pianist. He made use of his popularity in t…
Entry
Päts, Konstantin
By Ago Pajur
Konstantin Päts, a leading Estonian politician, was a key figure in the establis…
Entry
Picasso, Pablo
By Annette Becker
A citizen of neutral Spain, Pablo Picasso did not fight in the war, but his avan…
Entry
Pirenne, Henri
By Geneviève Warland
Accused of refusing to collaborate with the German authorities, the Belgian hist…
Entry
Raemaekers, Louis
By Ariane de Ranitz
During the First World War, Dutch editorial cartoonist Louis Raemaekers was a fi…
Entry
Remarque, Erich Maria
By Thomas Schneider
Erich Maria Remarque was a German writer and pacifist who became world-famous fo…
Entry
Richthofen, Manfred, Freiherr von
By Robert Rennie
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One of the most famous fighter pilots of the First World War, Manfred von Richth…
Entry
Rodó, José Enrique
By Susana Monreal
José Enrique Rodó was a Uruguayan writer. His main work Ariel was published in 1…
Entry
Rolland, Romain
By Josepha Laroche
A pacifist writer, Romain Rolland was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1…
Entry
Rothermere, Harold Sidney Harmsworth, Viscount
By Adrian Bingham
Lord Rothermere owned the London newspapers the Daily Mirror and the Sunday Pict…
Entry
Roth, Joseph
By Ilse Josepha Lazaroms
Joseph Roth was a Jewish writer and journalist. His experiences at the Eastern F…
Entry
Russell, Bertrand
By Alisa Miller
This article examines how the outbreak of war in 1914 established Bertrand Russe…
Entry
Sarre, Friedrich Paul Theodor
By Malte Fuhrmann
The renowned archaeologist Friedrich Sarre used his local knowledge to support t…
Entry
Sassoon, Siegfried Loraine
By Scott Ortolano
Siegfried Lorraine Sassoon was a British soldier, poet and novelist. His work bi…
Entry
Schalek, Alice
By Christian Rapp
This article deals with the activities of journalist and photographer Alice Scha…
Entry
Scheler, Max Ferdinand
By Peter Hoeres
Max Scheler was a German philosopher and sociologist. The author of the widely k…
Entry
Soldiers' Humour
By Alexander Watson
Soldier’s humour, as expressed in jokes, songs and slang, reflected a dark, iron…
Entry
Stars and Stripes (newspaper)
By Joshua Akers
Based in Paris, the American Expeditionary Forces (AEF) newspaper, Stars and Str…
Entry
Stravinsky, Igor
By Hartmut Fladt
Having gained success throughout Europe with his compositions for the Ballets Ru…
Entry
Suttner, Bertha von
By Laurie Cohen
Bertha von Suttner (1843-1914) was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1905. She wr…
Entry
Theater at the Front
By Emmanuelle Loubat
Whether on the Western or Eastern Front, by German, French, British, Canadian, A…
Entry
The Battle of the Somme (film)
By Nicholas Hiley
Battle of the Somme was a feature-length British documentary film, released in …
Entry
The Forty Days of Musa Dagh (novel)
By Hatice Bayraktar
Franz Werfel’s world-famous novel made the Armenian genocide internationally kno…
Entry
The Last Days of Mankind (play)
By Ari Linden
The Last Days of Mankind (Die letzten Tage der Menschheit) is the major work by …
Entry
The Man without Qualities (novel)
By Walter Fanta
Der Mann ohne Eigenschaften (The Man without Qualities) is a novel by Robert Mu…
Entry
The Song of Craonne
By Guy Marival
The song now known as the "Chanson de Craonne" ("Song of Craonne") remains one o…
Entry
The Spirit of ‘76
By Mark Levitch
In 1918, producer Robert Goldstein was convicted and imprisoned under the Espion…
Entry
Toller, Ernst
By Steven Schouten
Ernst Toller was one of Germany’s best-known playwrights and a leading left-wing…
Entry
Trench Art
By Paul Cornish
"Trench Art" is a genre of folk art comprised of items created in wartime, or fr…
Entry
Unruh, Fritz von
By Nicolas Beaupré
Fritz von Unruh was a German cavalry officer and a pacifist writer who, in his w…
Entry
Voices in the Storm (journal)
By Nicole Billeter
“Stimmen im Sturm” was a Swiss cooperative which published nine issues with deci…
Entry
War and Comics (Italy)
By Roberto Bianchi
Comics played a very important role in the total mobilization in Italy. Firstly …
Entry
War Archives (Austria-Hungary)
By Christoph Tepperberg
The War Archives (Kriegsarchiv), centre of the official historiography of the Im…
Entry
War Poetry
By Jane Potter
This article examines the concept of war poetry and considers the range of poeti…
Entry
War Press Office (Austria-Hungary)
By Christoph Tepperberg
The War Press Office, or Kriegspressequartier (KPQ) was the central propaganda i…
Entry
War Propaganda Bureau
By Florian Altenhöner
The British government set up a War Propaganda Bureau in 1914. It came to be kno…
Entry
War Toys
By Sonja Levsen
In the First World War, war toys were regarded as a means to strengthen children…
Entry
Wiegand, Karl Henry von
By Norman Domeier
Karl Henry von Wiegand was the leading American foreign correspondent during the…
Entry
Wiener Philharmoniker (Vienna Philharmonic Orchestra)
By Akeo Okada
The Vienna Philharmonic, a music institution typical of the high bourgeoisie bef…
Entry
Wireless Telegraphy
By Heidi J.S. Tworek
Wireless telegraphy became an integral part of warfare on the ground, in the air…
Entry
Wolff Telegraph Bureau
By Heidi J.S. Tworek
Wolffs Telegraphisches Bureau was a news agency that was the central source for…
See Also
Regional
Austria-Hungary
By Pieter M. Judson
The article surveys the social and military history of Austria-Hungary during th…
Regional
Denmark
By Nils Arne Sørensen
With its economy highly reliant on Great Britain, Germany and other European nat…
Regional
Great Britain
By Stephen Badsey
_Wants_You_Alfred_Leete_1914_IMG-128x128.jpg)
Great Britain was with its Empire the most powerful of the major belligerents, t…
Regional
Greece
By Loukianos Hassiotis
Greece officially entered the Great War rather belatedly in June 1917, despite i…
Regional
Latin America
By Stefan Rinke, Karina Kriegesmann
When the First World War broke out in Europe, Latin Americans of all social stra…
Regional
Norway
By Karl Erik Haug
Norway managed to stay neutral during the First World War, but the war still cre…
Regional
Spain
By Javier Ponce
This article examines Spain’s neutrality during the Great War, highlighting fact…
Regional
Sweden
By Sofi Qvarnström
For Sweden, the impact of the war was twofold. On the one hand, it was a test to…
Regional
Switzerland
By Jakob Tanner
As a neutral country, Switzerland was not involved in the devastating military c…
Regional
The Netherlands
By Samuël Kruizinga, Paul Moeyes, Wim Klinkert
The Netherlands remained neutral during the First World War, but was nevertheles…
Regional
United States of America
By Jennifer D. Keene
The American debate over neutrality ended when Woodrow Wilson decided in April 1…
