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Handbook Articles
Encyclopedic Entries
96 Results
Survey Articles (Regional)
Regional
Albania
By Isa Blumi
Though largely understudied to date, the regions in the western Balkans inhabite…
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Regional
Bulgaria
By Richard C. Hall
From 1912 to 1918 Bulgaria engaged in a prolonged conflict that began in victory…
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Regional
Greece
By Loukianos Hassiotis
Greece officially entered the Great War rather belatedly in June 1917, despite i…
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Regional
Montenegro
By Radoslav Raspopović
Montenegro entered the First World War politically and militarily exhausted. The…
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Regional
Romania
By Harald Heppner, Rudolf Gräf
World War I afforded the first opportunity for modern Romania to participate in …
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Regional
Serbia
By Mile Bjelajac
A short synthesis on Serbia's role and experience in the Great War encompasses s…
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Regional
Yugoslavia
By Ljubinka Trgovčević
The idea for the unification of the Southern Slavs emerged in the 19th century a…
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Regional Thematic Articles
Regional Thematic
Bereavement and Mourning (South East Europe)
By Olga Manojlovic Pintar
The Great War impacted the lives of almost every family in South East Europe. Un…
Read more
Regional Thematic
Centenary (Bulgaria)
By Gueorgui Peev
Though 100 years have elapsed since World War I, it has not enjoyed the due atte…
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Regional Thematic
Centenary (Romania)
By Florin Țurcanu
The centenary of the end of the Great War was celebrated in Romania as the “Cent…
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Regional Thematic
Centenary (Serbia)
By Danilo Šarenac
The anniversary has reaffirmed the belief that the First World War still has a v…
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Regional Thematic
Centenary (Slovenia)
By Petra Svoljsak
The National Committee for Commemorating the 100th Anniversaries of World War I …
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Regional Thematic
Civilian and Military Power (South East Europe)
By John Paul Newman
In pre-war South East Europe, both civilian and military powers focused on the c…
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Regional Thematic
Commemoration, Cult of the Fallen (South East Europe)
By Danilo Šarenac
The article examines the main characteristics of commemorative processes which t…
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Regional Thematic
Film/Cinema (South East Europe)
By Radina Vučetić
This article offers a synthetic picture of the presence of World War I motifs in…
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Regional Thematic
Historiography 1918-Today: Bulgaria (South East Europe)
By Stefan Marinov Minkov
The Bulgarian historiography of World War One can be divided into three periods:…
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Regional Thematic
Historiography 1918-Today: Serbia and Montenegro (South East Europe)
By Gordana Krivokapic-Jovic
Serbian historiography was analysed in light of Serbia’s historical position and…
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Regional Thematic
Literature: Serbia (South East Europe)
By Gordana Ilić Marković
The Serbian literature of the First World War, written by authors both from the …
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Regional Thematic
Occupation during and after the War (Austria-Hungary)
By Wolfram Dornik
While on the Western Front there were only limited territorial movements, the Ea…
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Regional Thematic
Occupation during and after the War (South East Europe)
By Milan Ristović
The occupation of South East Europe 1915-1918 had a complex structure reflecting…
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Regional Thematic
Organization of War Economies and War Finance (South East Europe)
By Jelena Rafailović
This article presents the main characteristics of organization and functioning o…
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Regional Thematic
Post-war Economies (South East Europe)
By Ian Innerhofer
The First World War devastated the human workforce through death and invalidity …
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Regional Thematic
Post-war Economies (South East Europe)
By Ian Innerhofer
The First World War devastated the human workforce through death and invalidity …
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Regional Thematic
Post-war Societies (South East Europe)
By Ian Innerhofer
South East European societies faced several challenges in the post-war period. T…
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Regional Thematic
Post-war Turmoil and Violence (Yugoslavia)
By Stevan Bozanich
Great War veterans both helped build Yugoslavia and aided in its collapse. Throu…
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Regional Thematic
Press/Journalism: Serbia (South East Europe)
By Srđan M. Jovanović
Not unlike its regional counterparts, the standards of press and journalism in S…
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Regional Thematic
Pre-war Military Planning (South East Europe)
By Dmitar Tasić
Nations of South East Europe had just ended a short but very intense period of w…
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Regional Thematic
Prisoners of War and Internees (South East Europe)
By Bogdan Trifunović
This article analyzes the treatment and living conditions of prisoners of war (P…
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Regional Thematic
Propaganda at Home and in Exile (South East Europe)
By Samuel Foster
This article explores the nature of propaganda in those South East European stat…
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Regional Thematic
War Aims and War Aims Discussions (South East Europe)
By Mile Bjelajac
This article offers a survey of the main currents in South East Europe in regard…
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Regional Thematic
Warfare 1914-1918 (South East Europe)
By Dmitar Tasić
The main intention of this article is to chronologically present major events on…
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Regional Thematic
Women's Mobilization for War (South East Europe)
By Božica Mladenović
This article presents the role of women in South East Europe during World War I …
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Encyclopedic Entries
Entry
Balkan Wars 1912-1913
By Richard C. Hall
The Balkan Wars were two sharp conflicts that heralded the onset of World War I.…
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Entry
Black Hand
By John Paul Newman
This article looks at the Black Hand from its origins to the demise of its leade…
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Entry
Brătianu, Ion I.C.
By Daniel Cain
Liberal Prime Minister Ionel Brătianu led the charge to transform Romania's fore…
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Entry
Carol I, King of Romania
By Daniel Cain
For three decades Romania’s foreign policy depended almost entirely upon King Ca…
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Entry
Chetniks
By Dmitar Tasić
Chetnik is a common name for a member of the auxiliary or paramilitary units us…
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Entry
Clam-Martinic, Heinrich, Graf
By Heiko Brendel
Count Heinrich Karl Clam-Martinic was a German-speaking Bohemian high aristocrat…
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Entry
Constantine I, King of Greece
By Elli Lemonidou
King Constantine I, a brave army officer but rather controversial in his politic…
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Entry
Corfu Declaration
By Samuel Foster
The Corfu Declaration was a formal agreement between the government-in-exile of …
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Entry
Ferdinand I, Tsar of Bulgaria
By Stefan Marinov Minkov
Tsar Ferdinand I of Bulgaria undoubtedly contributed to the modernization of the…
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Entry
Ionescu, Dumitru
By Daniel Cain
A Romanian politician, Dumitru Ionescu, commonly known as Take Ionescu, was cons…
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Entry
Jeglič, Anton
By Pavlina Bobic
Bishop Jeglič was one of the most prominent Slovenian Church figures in the era …
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Entry
Karadjordjević, Peter I.
By Dalibor Denda
Peter I Karadjordjević was King of Serbia from 1903 to 1918, and King of Serbs, …
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Entry
Lovćen
By Heiko Brendel
Situated above the Austro-Hungarian naval base in the Bay of Kotor, Mount Lovćen…
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Entry
Macedonia and the Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization
By Tetsuya Sahara
Macedonia was one of the main battlefields on the Balkan Front during World War …
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Entry
Metaxas, Ioannis
By Elli Lemonidou
Ioannis Metaxas was a conservative army officer and politician, who influenced d…
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Entry
Movement of National Defence (Greece)
By Loukianos Hassiotis
The Movement of National Defence was an organisation of Venizelist army officers…
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Entry
Neuilly-sur-Seine, Treaty of
By Stefan Marinov Minkov
The Treaty of Neuilly was signed on 27 November 1919 between Bulgaria and the Al…
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Entry
Pašić, Nikola
By Dalibor Denda
Nikola Pašić was a Serbian/Yugoslav politician and statesman. He served twenty-t…
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Entry
Pecanac, Kosta
By Dmitar Tasić
Kosta Pecanac was a prominent chetnik leader before the Great War and one of the…
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Entry
Petrov, Racho Stoi︠a︡nov
By Stefan Marinov Minkov
Infantry General Racho Petrov is a controversial figure in Bulgarian history. He…
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Entry
Prochaska Affair
By Richard C. Hall
The Prochaska Affair was a diplomatic dispute between Austria-Hungary and Serbia…
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Entry
Radoslavov, Vasil
By Vasil Paraskevov
Dr. Vasil Radoslavov was a Bulgarian politician and Prime Minister from 1913 to …
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Entry
Rape
By Antoine Rivière
Although rape was not usually systematic, it occurred frequently on all fronts d…
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Entry
Russian Expeditionary Force
By Sofya Anisimova, Gwendal Piégais
The Russian Expeditionary Force in France and in Macedonia (“Brigades russes en …
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Entry
Sanjak of Novi Pazar
By Tamara Scheer
Although sanjak usually means any one of many Ottoman administrative units, one …
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Entry
Sarkotić von Lovćen, Stephan Freiherr
By Marc Stefan Peters
Stephan Baron von Sarkotić was an Austro-Hungarian general who had already made …
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Entry
Scutari crisis
By Marenglen Kasmi
The Scutari Crisis illustrates questions surrounding the creation of the new Alb…
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Entry
Smoking and Cigarette Consumption
By Michael Reeve
During the First World War, governments, civilians and soldiers alike prized smo…
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Entry
Šusteršič, Ivan
By Pavlina Bobic
Ivan Šušteršič was a leading figure in the Slovenian and Habsburg political mili…
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Entry
The Soldier's Sister
By Charalampos Minasidis
Greece’s Long Great War witnessed the mobilization of its young women as caretak…
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Entry
Trumbić, Ante
By Samuel Foster
Ante Trumbić was a Croat politician who played an instrumental role in the forma…
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Entry
Venizelos, Eleutherios
By Elli Lemonidou
One of the most prominent and important statesmen in modern Greek history, Eleut…
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Entry
Wied, Wilhelm, Prinz zu
By Eva Anne Frantz
Wilhelm Friedrich Heinrich Prince of Wied, born to a German Protestant noble fam…
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Entry
Zhekov, Nikola
By Deniza Petrova
Nikola Zhekov was a Bulgarian infantry general, the Bulgarian minister of war fr…
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See Also
Thematic
Alliance System 1914
By Günther Kronenbitter
Alliances were an important feature of the international system on the eve of Wo…
Read more
Thematic
Antisemitism
By Werner Bergmann, Ulrich Wyrwa
The First World War and its direct repercussions in the postwar period (revoluti…
Read more
Thematic
Atrocities
By Alan Kramer
The term "atrocity" describes an act of violence condemned by contemporaries as …
Read more
Thematic
Bereavement and Mourning
By Manfred Hettling, Tino Schölz
In the modern era, new forms of mourning and meaning-making for fallen soldiers …
Read more
Thematic
Centenary (Internet)
By Lorna M. Hughes, Ian G. Anderson
The centenary events surrounding the First World War have produced a significant…
Read more
Thematic
Centenary (Museums)
By Andrea Brait
This article discusses how European museums – in particular, national war museum…
Read more
Thematic
Centenary (Visual Arts)
By Paul Gough
The commemorative period between 2014 and 2018 was marked globally by numerous e…
Read more
Thematic
Commemoration, Cult of the Fallen
By Stéphane Tison
The First World War ushered in an unprecedented wave of commemorations. Mass dea…
Read more
Thematic
Controversy: The Media's Responsibility for Crises and Conflicts in the Age of Imperialism
By Peter Geiss
The article discusses the role of the media in the complex international process…
Read more
Thematic
Crumbling of Empires and Emerging States: Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia as (Multi)national Countries
By Katrin Boeckh
During the First World War, Czechoslovakia and the Kingdom of the Serbs, Croats,…
Read more
Thematic
Espionage
By Emmanuel Debruyne
During the entire war, warring powers used the “secret war” to try to break the …
Read more
Thematic
Health, Disease, Mortality; Demographic Effects
By Doina Anca Cretu
The rapid spread of epidemics ravaged military personnel and civilians in and ou…
Read more
Thematic
Imperialism
By Boris Barth
This article focuses on the extent to which imperialism contributed to the outbr…
Read more
Thematic
Influenza Pandemic
By Howard Phillips
By examining the origins, pathways, demographic impact and consequences for the …
Read more
Thematic
July Crisis 1914
By Annika Mombauer
The international crisis that began with the assassination of Archduke Franz Fer…
Read more
Thematic
Nationalism
By John Paul Newman
This article offers an overview of the progress of nationalism and the national …
Read more
Thematic
Occupation during the War
By Gustavo Corni
After an initial wave of interest in 1914 and the immediate post-war period, int…
Read more
Thematic
Paramilitary Violence
By Annemarie Sammartino
While World War I featured the largest armies ever assembled, it was also fought…
Read more
Thematic
Post-war Societies
By Richard Bessel
The First World War caused unprecedented disruption to societies across the glob…
Read more
Thematic
Prisoners of War
By Heather Jones
The First World War marked the shift from a 19th century, relatively ad hoc mana…
Read more
Thematic
Refugees
By Peter Gatrell
This article addresses the scale of wartime population displacement in continent…
Read more
Thematic
Resettlement
By Peter Gatrell
The conduct of warfare in 1914-1918 included extensive population resettlement i…
Read more
Thematic
Revolutions
By Chad R. Fulwider
This article surveys the various movements toward social, national, and politica…
Read more
Thematic
Social Costs of War
By Kimberly A. Redding
This article explores how the anticipation, reality, and memory of sacrifice inf…
Read more
Thematic
The Paris Peace Conference and its Consequences
By Alan Sharp
This article offers an overview of peacemaking after the First World War from th…
Read more
Thematic
The Way to War
By Samuel R. Williamson, Jr.
Imperialism shaped almost every facet of international politics from 1898 to 191…
Read more
Thematic
War in the Balkans
By Richard C. Hall
The Balkan Wars erupted in South Eastern Europe in October 1912. Fighting contin…
Read more
Thematic
War Losses
By Antoine Prost
Military sources provide the primary statistics of war losses and casualties dur…
Read more
Thematic
Willingly to War. Public Response to the Outbreak of War
By Jean-Jacques Becker
It may surprise us to learn that some sectors of the European public were in fav…
Read more
Thematic
Women War Reporters
By Stephanie Seul
Female war reporters from belligerent and neutral countries were present in the …
Read more
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