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Handbook Articles
Encyclopedic Entries
154 Results
Survey Articles (Regional)
Regional
Ottoman Empire/Middle East
By Yücel Yanıkdağ
During the Great War, the Ottoman Empire fought on several major and minor front…
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Regional Thematic Articles
Regional Thematic
Bereavement and Mourning (Ottoman Empire/ Middle East)
By Pheroze Unwalla
This article explores bereavement and mourning in the post-war Middle East with …
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Regional Thematic
Between Acceptance and Refusal - Soldiers' Attitudes Towards War (Ottoman Empire/ Middle East)
By Mehmet Beşikçi
This article addresses resistance to military mobilization in the Ottoman Empire…
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Regional Thematic
Centenary (Turkey)
By Nazan Maksudyan
This article provides an overview of commemorations of the centenary of the Firs…
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Regional Thematic
Children and Youth: Ottoman Empire (Ottoman Empire/Middle East)
By Nazan Maksudyan
Ottoman children were not simply passive victims or casualties; they were engage…
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Regional Thematic
Civilian and Military Power (Ottoman Empire)
By Nazan Maksudyan
The First World War required the most comprehensive mobilization of men and reso…
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Regional Thematic
Disease and Public Health (Ottoman Empire/Middle East)
By Melanie Schulze-Tanielian
From 1914-1918 infectious diseases, such as typhus, recurrent fever, dysentery, …
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Regional Thematic
Film/Cinema (Ottoman Empire)
By Özde Çeliktemel-Thomen
This article explores film production and screening in the Ottoman Empire during…
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Regional Thematic
Food and Nutrition (Ottoman Empire/Middle East)
By Melanie Schulze-Tanielian
This article examines the central role of food management in the Ottoman Empire …
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Regional Thematic
Governments, Parliaments and Parties (Ottoman Empire/Middle East)
By Feroz Ahmad
After the Committee of Union and Progress (CUP) seized power in January 1913, it…
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Regional Thematic
Historiography 1918-Today (Middle East/Arab Lands)
By Charles D. Smith
Anglo-French historiography on the Arab lands during World War I originated as E…
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Regional Thematic
Labour, Labour Movements and Strikes (Ottoman Empire/ Middle East)
By Yiğit Akin, Elizabeth Thompson
As in other belligerent societies, the Great War forced fundamental change in th…
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Regional Thematic
Literature (Ottoman Empire)
By Hülya Adak
The linguistic heterogeneity and literary plurality of the Ottoman Empire has ty…
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Regional Thematic
Making Sense of the War (Ottoman Empire/Middle East)
By Charalampos Minasidis
As World War I ravaged Europe and the Ottoman military mobilized, Ottoman societ…
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Regional Thematic
Minorities (Ottoman Empire/Middle East)
By Hans-Lukas Kieser
The Ottoman Empire was the most religiously diverse empire in Europe and Asia. M…
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Regional Thematic
Music (Ottoman Empire/Middle East)
By Jonathan Glasser
The World War One years are often treated as a blank spot in the musical history…
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Regional Thematic
Occupation during and after the War (Middle East)
By Roberto Mazza
The occupation of the Arab lands of the Ottoman Empire was essentially the by-pr…
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Regional Thematic
Occupation during and after the War (Ottoman Empire)
By Nur Bilge Criss
Memories of occupation by foreign forces are not usually articulated except when…
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Regional Thematic
Organization of War Economies (Ottoman Empire/Middle East)
By Graham Pitts
This article describes the Ottoman WWI war economy in light of its similarities …
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Regional Thematic
Photography (Ottoman Empire/Middle East)
By Issam Nassar
This article traces some of the uses of photography on the Ottoman fronts during…
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Regional Thematic
Post-war Economies (Turkey)
By Dilek Barlas
In 1923, Turkey was declared a republic after fighting against the Allied occupa…
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Regional Thematic
Post-war Societies (Turkey)
By Nur Bilge Criss
Incessant wars from 1912 to 1922 accelerated socio-political change and facilita…
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Regional Thematic
Post-war Treaties (Ottoman Empire/ Middle East)
By Leonard V. Smith
In peacemaking in the former Ottoman Empire, a discrepancy developed between the…
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Regional Thematic
Press/Journalism (Middle East)
By Benan Grams
This article seeks to examine how World War I influenced the Arabic press. Wheth…
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Regional Thematic
Press/Journalism (Ottoman Empire)
By Ekin Enacar
Upon entering World War I, the Ottoman government imposed military censorship on…
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Regional Thematic
Pre-war Military Planning (Ottoman Empire)
By Odile Moreau
Following its defeats during the Balkan Wars (1912-1913), the Ottoman Empire rec…
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Regional Thematic
Pre-war Societies (Ottoman Empire/Middle East)
By Kate Dannies
On the eve of World War I, Ottoman civil society was flourishing. New political …
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Regional Thematic
Prisoners of War (Ottoman Empire/Middle East)
By Yücel Yanıkdağ
During the Great War, at least 217,746 Ottomans were taken captive by the Entent…
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Regional Thematic
Propaganda at Home (Ottoman Empire)
By Deniz Dölek-Sever
This article surveys propaganda on the Ottoman home front during the Great War b…
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Regional Thematic
Prostitution (Ottoman Empire)
By Çiğdem Oğuz
This article focuses on prostitution on the Ottoman home front and the research …
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Regional Thematic
Revolutions and Rebellions: Arab Revolt (Ottoman Empire/Middle East)
By Alia El Bakri
This article provides an overview of the 1916-1918 Arab Revolt against the Ottom…
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Regional Thematic
Revolutions and Rebellions: Van Resistance as Rebellion (Ottoman Empire/Middle East)
By Yasar Tolga Cora
Violent clashes took place between the Ottoman troops and the Armenian guerilla …
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Regional Thematic
Science and Technology (Ottoman Empire/Middle East)
By Elizabeth Williams
Successfully deploying advances in technology and science was crucial to gaining…
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Regional Thematic
War Aims and War Aims Discussions (Ottoman Empire)
By Feroze Yasamee
The Ottoman Empire fought the First World War for the sake of survival in the sh…
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Regional Thematic
Warfare 1914-1918 (Ottoman Empire/Middle East)
By Mehmet Fatih Baş
When the Ottoman Empire entered the war, the potential Middle Eastern theater of…
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Regional Thematic
War Finance (Ottoman Empire)
By Ozan Ozavci
From a financial point of view, the Ottoman entry into World War I was both impo…
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Regional Thematic
War Losses (Ottoman Empire/Middle East)
By Mehmet Fatih Baş
The Ottoman Empire’s entry into the First World War turned out to be disastrous …
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Regional Thematic
War Memory, Commemoration (Ottoman Empire/ Middle East)
By Kyle J. Anderson
Since 1914-1918 various practices of remembering World War I have coexisted and …
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Regional Thematic
Women's Mobilization for War (Ottoman Empire/ Middle East)
By Nicole van Os
The Ottoman mobilization of manpower in August 1914 not only involved men being …
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Encyclopedic Entries
Entry
Alī, Muḥammad Kurd
By Samir Seikaly
In 1914 Muhammad Kurd ‘Ali was Damascus’ most prominent journalist, owner and ed…
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Entry
Arab Officers in the Ottoman Army
By Michael Provence
Perhaps 30 percent of the World War I Ottoman officer corps hailed from Arab reg…
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Entry
Arab Supporters of the Belligerent Countries
By M. Talha Çiçek
There were a number of Arab intellectuals who actively cooperated with the Enten…
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Entry
Armenian Patriarchate of Constantinople
By Nazan Maksudyan
This article focuses on the function of the Armenian Patriarchate of Istanbul du…
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Entry
Armenian Revolutionary Federation (ARF)
By Toygun Altintas
With branches in the Ottoman Empire, Russia, and Iran, the Armenian Revolutionar…
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Entry
Army of Islam
By Yalçın Murgul
The Army of Islam, which was created by the order of Enver Pasha dated 5 April 1…
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Entry
Arslān, Shakīb, Amīr
By Makram Rabah
Shakib Arslan was a prominent Arab politician, polemicist, and man of letters. A…
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Entry
Askerî Bey, Süleymân
By Benjamin C. Fortna
After service in the Balkans and in Libya, Süleyman Askerî was chosen by Enver P…
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Entry
Azmi, Jemal
By Nikos Sigalas
Cemal Azmi was an Ottoman official who served during the Great War as governor (…
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Entry
Balfour Declaration
By Maryanne A. Rhett
The Balfour Declaration, the document that set the stage for establishing the st…
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Entry
Batum, Conference and Treaties of
By Alexander E. Balistreri
The Batum Conference (May 1918) and treaties ended the state of war between the …
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Entry
Beersheba-Gaza Line
By M. Talha Çiçek
The Beersheba-Gaza Line (or Defenses) are the three battles fought between the O…
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Entry
Bliss, Howard S.
By Tylor Brand
Howard Sweetser Bliss was the President of the Syrian Protestant College (SPC) d…
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Entry
Bronsart von Schellendorf, Friedrich
By Oliver Stein
Friedrich Bronsart von Schellendorf was a Prussian-German lieutenant general. As…
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Entry
Çabuk, Seyit Ali
By Tuncay Yılmazer
Seyit Onbaşı (Corporal Seyit) is an iconic figure and symbol of the Turkish nava…
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Entry
Caucasus Front
By Tigran Martirosyan
The Caucasus Front was the area where combat operations between the Russian and …
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Entry
Cavid Bey, Mehmed
By James Ryan
Mehmed Cavid Bey was born in Thessaloniki to a Sabbatean (dönme) family in eithe…
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Entry
Cemal Paşa, Ahmed
By Hasan Kayalı
Cemal Paşa belonged to the top leadership of the Committee of Union and Progress…
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Entry
Circassian Nationalism
By Pınar Üre
Circassian nationalism refers to national movements among Adyghe people, a North…
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Entry
Constantinople Agreement
By Pınar Üre
The Constantinople Agreement, alternatively known as the Straits or Istanbul Agr…
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Entry
Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople
By Dimitris Kamouzis
The persecution committed during the Great War by the Committee of Union and Pro…
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Entry
Empire
By Erez Manela
World War I was not simply a conflict among European states but a global war of …
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Entry
Enver Pasha, Ismail
By Feroz Ahmad
After leading the coup that brought the Committee of Union and Progress to power…
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Entry
Evrenoszade, Rahmi Bey
By Ayşe Ozil
Rahmi Bey was governor of Izmir during the First World War. As part of the Union…
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Entry
Faysal I, King of Iraq
By Tariq Tell
Faysal ibn Husayn commanded the Northern Army of the Arab Revolt and was raised …
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Entry
Gallipoli, Campaign and Battle of
By Harold Allen Skinner Jr.
From March 1915 to January 1916, French and British Commonwealth forces fought a…
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Entry
Goeben, SMS and Breslau, SMS
By Benjamin Miertzschke
The flight of the German battlecruiser Goeben and the light cruiser Breslau from…
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Entry
Greco-Turkish War 1919-1922
By Elçin Macar
The end of the First World War and the defeat of the Ottoman Army gave a histori…
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Entry
Hakkı, İsmail Bey
By Malek Sharif
İsmail Hakkı was an experienced civil servant. He collected and published detail…
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Entry
Hoff, Heinrich Leonhard Emanuel von
By Mustafa Gençer
This article is about the career of Heinrich Leonhard Emanuel von Hoff under the…
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Entry
Humann, Hans
By Malte Fuhrmann
A champion of “peaceful imperialism” before the war, Humann served as an éminenc…
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Entry
Husayn ibn Ali, King of Hejaz
By Tariq Tell
Husayn ibn Ali launched the Arab Revolt in alliance with Great Britain. His rela…
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Entry
Ḥusayn Kāmil, Sultan of Egypt
By Kyle J. Anderson
Husayn Kamil was the first sultan of Egypt after the declaration of the British …
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Entry
Husayn-McMahon Correspondence
By Tariq Tell
The Husayn-McMahon Correspondence mapped out with studied ambiguity the terms of…
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Entry
Italo-Turkish War 1911-1912
By Rachel Simon
The Italo-Turkish War (1911-1912) took place mainly in Ottoman Libya following I…
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Entry
Jabotinsky, Vladimir
By Arie M. Dubnov, Brian Horowitz
Russian-Jewish author, playwright, journalist, orator, and political activist; c…
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Entry
Jihad, Holy War (Ottoman Empire)
By Tilman Lüdke
Between 1914 and 1918, both the Ottoman Empire and Germany engaged in a propagan…
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Entry
Kara Kemal
By Burak Aslanmirza
Ahmed Kemal was one of the leading members of the Committee of Union and Progres…
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Entry
Karavangelis, Germanos
By Nikos Sigalas
Germanos Karavangelis was the most radical proponent of Greek nationalism among …
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Entry
Kemal, Mustafa (Atatürk)
By Erik-Jan Zürcher
Mustafa Kemal Pasha gained fame during World War I both as a successful commande…
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Entry
Killigil, Nuri
By Alp Yenen
Nuri Pasha, younger brother of Enver Pasha, contributed to Ottoman special opera…
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Entry
Kreß von Kressenstein, Friedrich Freiherr
By Oliver Stein
Kreß von Kressenstein was a Bavarian-German officer who, as member of the German…
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Entry
Kuşçubaşı, Eşref Sencer
By Benjamin C. Fortna
The child of Circassian refugees, Eşref Kuşçubaşı attended military schools befo…
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Entry
Kut al-Amara
By Gökhan Çetinsaya
The Siege of Kut al-Amara between 3 December 1915 and 29 April 1916 is an import…
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Entry
Kut, Halil
By Tigran Martirosyan
Halil Kut was an Ottoman regional governor and military commander. He is best kn…
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Entry
Labour Battalions (Ottoman Empire/Middle East)
By Tigran Martirosyan
Ottoman labour battalions were a form of forced labour in lieu of regular milita…
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Entry
Martyrs/Separatists, Syrian and Lebanese
By M. Talha Çiçek
The terms "martyrs" and "separatists" refer to the decentralist Arabists of Syri…
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Entry
Medina, Siege of
By Hasan Kayalı
During the Arab Revolt in 1916 forces loyal to Sharif Husayn surrounded Medina a…
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Entry
Mediterranean Theater, Naval Operations
By Paul G. Halpern
The real naval war in the Mediterranean turned out to be a struggle against Germ…
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Entry
Mobilization (Ottoman Empire/Middle East)
By Charalampos Minasidis
During the Great War, the Ottoman state mobilized its citizens under two war pol…
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Entry
Morgenthau, Henry, Sr.
By Harold Allen Skinner Jr.
Naturalized American lawyer, real estate investor, and Jewish activist, Henry Mo…
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Entry
Mudros, Armistice of
By James Ryan
The Armistice of Mudros was signed on 31 October 1918 between the Ottoman govern…
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Entry
Near East Relief
By Tylor Brand
Near East Relief was formed in 1915 to address the catastrophic humanitarian con…
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Entry
Orphans (Ottoman Empire/Middle East)
By Tylor Brand
War, massacres, displacement, famine and economic crisis left over 100,000 child…
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Entry
Ozanian, Antranik
By Tigran Martirosyan
Antranik Ozanian, commonly known as Antranik (pronounced Andranik in the Eastern…
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Entry
Pan-Islamism (Ottoman Empire)
By Alp Yenen
Pan-Islamism was one of the major geopolitical and civilizational concepts of th…
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Entry
Panturkism
By Pınar Üre
Pan-Turkism is the nationalist ideology that emphasizes the common ethnic, cultu…
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Entry
Pasha, Cavit
By Mesut Uyar
A talented administrator but a mediocre general, Cavit Pasha served in various p…
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Entry
Pasha, Esat
By Mesut Uyar
Esat Pasha played a key role during the Gallipoli campaign and achieved renown a…
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Entry
Pasha, Talat
By Hans-Lukas Kieser
A first father of modern Turkey before Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, and the driving fo…
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Entry
Red Crescent (Hilal-i Ahmer)
By Esther Möller
The Red Crescent is one of two symbols of the Red Cross and Red Crescent Movemen…
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Entry
Reshid, Mehmed
By Hans-Lukas Kieser
A founder of the Committee of Union and Progress, Dr Reshid excelled during Worl…
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Entry
Role of German Officers in the Gallipoli Campaign
By Thomas P. Iredale
Serving alongside their Ottoman brothers-in-arms, an estimated 500 German office…
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Entry
Russian Occupation of the Eastern Ottoman Empire
By Alexander E. Balistreri
The Russian occupation of the eastern Ottoman Empire entailed the wartime admini…
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Entry
Said Nursi
By Abdürrahim Özer
Said Nursi was a prominent Kurdish intellectual. He fervently supported constitu…
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Entry
Sarıkamış, Battle of
By Tigran Martirosyan
The Battle of Sarıkamış, from 22 December 1914 to 17 January 1915, was a major e…
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Entry
Sarre, Friedrich Paul Theodor
By Malte Fuhrmann
The renowned archaeologist Friedrich Sarre used his local knowledge to support t…
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Entry
Shakir, Bahaeddin
By Tigran Martirosyan
Bahaeddin Şakir was the reorganizer of the Committee of Union and Progress, a po…
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Entry
Sykes-Picot Agreement
By Tariq Tell
In dividing the Fertile Crescent into British and French spheres, the wartime Sy…
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Entry
The Soldier's Sister
By Charalampos Minasidis
Greece’s Long Great War witnessed the mobilization of its young women as caretak…
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Entry
Wangenheim, Hans von
By Christos Bouris
Baron Hans von Wangenheim was the German ambassador to the Ottoman capital betwe…
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Entry
War Poetry
By Jane Potter
This article examines the concept of war poetry and considers the range of poeti…
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Entry
Yildirim Army Group
By Odile Moreau
The Yildirim (“lightning” or “blitz”) Army Group was a special Ottoman-German ar…
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Entry
Yudenich, Nikolaĭ Nikolayevich
By Tigran Martirosyan
Nikolaĭ Yudenich was one of the most successful Russian commanders in World War …
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See Also
Thematic
Alliance System 1914
By Günther Kronenbitter
Alliances were an important feature of the international system on the eve of Wo…
Read more
Thematic
Armenian Genocide
By Ronald Grigor Suny
In early 1915 the Young Turk government of the Ottoman Empire decided to deport …
Read more
Thematic
Arms Race prior to 1914, Armament Policy
By Eric Brose
New weapons produced during the Industrial Revolution in the late 1800s heighten…
Read more
Thematic
Atrocities
By Alan Kramer
The term "atrocity" describes an act of violence condemned by contemporaries as …
Read more
Thematic
Bereavement and Mourning
By Manfred Hettling, Tino Schölz
In the modern era, new forms of mourning and meaning-making for fallen soldiers …
Read more
Thematic
Centenary (Battlefield Tourism)
By Romain Fathi
The centenary of the First World War has been a catalyst for battlefield tourism…
Read more
Thematic
Centenary (Computer Games)
By Chris Kempshall
The First World War centenary saw an emergence of new portrayals of the conflict…
Read more
Thematic
Centenary (Education, Pedagogy, Youth Programs)
By Catriona Pennell
The centenary of the First World War revealed palpable anxieties around a loss o…
Read more
Thematic
Centenary (Historiography)
By Jost Dülffer
Innovative historical scholarship played an important role in the shaping of mem…
Read more
Thematic
Civilian Morale
By Matteo Ermacora
This article deals with civilian morale during the First World War. Between 1915…
Read more
Thematic
Colonial Empires after the War/Decolonization
By James E. Kitchen
The First World War saw the colonial empires of France and Britain mobilised to …
Read more
Thematic
Controversy: The Media's Responsibility for Crises and Conflicts in the Age of Imperialism
By Peter Geiss
The article discusses the role of the media in the complex international process…
Read more
Thematic
Drugs
By Łukasz Kamieński
Throughout history, intoxicants were an important part of the war experience. Th…
Read more
Thematic
Extra-European Theatres of War
By Michelle Moyd
The extra-European theatres of World War I have received far less scholarly atte…
Read more
Thematic
Food and Nutrition
By Emmanuelle Cronier
During the First World War, food became a major issue for military and civilian …
Read more
Thematic
Governments, Parliaments and Parties
By Torsten Oppelland
One sees a wide range of political regimes from a democratic republic with unive…
Read more
Thematic
Health, Disease, Mortality; Demographic Effects
By Doina Anca Cretu
The rapid spread of epidemics ravaged military personnel and civilians in and ou…
Read more
Thematic
Imperialism
By Boris Barth
This article focuses on the extent to which imperialism contributed to the outbr…
Read more
Thematic
International Law and the Laws of War
By Jean H. Quataert
The article examines international efforts to curb states’ war-making prerogativ…
Read more
Thematic
Nationalism
By John Paul Newman
This article offers an overview of the progress of nationalism and the national …
Read more
Thematic
Naval Warfare
By Eric W. Osborne
All of the great belligerent states of World War I were naval powers and engaged…
Read more
Thematic
Negotiating and Mediating Conduct of War
By Matthew Stibbe
Many issues surrounding the conduct of war in the years 1914-1918 were imperviou…
Read more
Thematic
Non-European Soldiers
By Richard Fogarty, Andrew Tait Jarboe
This article examines the use by Great Britain and France of colonial subjects f…
Read more
Thematic
Post-war Societies
By Richard Bessel
The First World War caused unprecedented disruption to societies across the glob…
Read more
Thematic
Prisoners of War
By Heather Jones
The First World War marked the shift from a 19th century, relatively ad hoc mana…
Read more
Thematic
Property Rights and Economic Nationalism
By Daniela L. Caglioti
This article explores the policies adopted and implemented against enemy propert…
Read more
Thematic
Refugees
By Peter Gatrell
This article addresses the scale of wartime population displacement in continent…
Read more
Thematic
Revolutions
By Chad R. Fulwider
This article surveys the various movements toward social, national, and politica…
Read more
Thematic
Shifts and Tensions in Ethnic/National Groups
By Borislav Chernev
This article examines the changing dynamics of national tensions in the Habsburg…
Read more
Thematic
Social Conflict
By Claire Morelon
This article deals with the nature of social conflict during the war. The length…
Read more
Thematic
Social Costs of War
By Kimberly A. Redding
This article explores how the anticipation, reality, and memory of sacrifice inf…
Read more
Thematic
The Churches
By Patrick J. Houlihan
Reflecting current historiography, this article focuses primarily on Christian c…
Read more
Thematic
The Military Collapse of the Central Powers
By Graydon A. Tunstall
October 1918 witnessed the collapse of the German and Austro-Hungarian armies, b…
Read more
Thematic
The Paris Peace Conference and its Consequences
By Alan Sharp
This article offers an overview of peacemaking after the First World War from th…
Read more
Thematic
Transportation and Logistics
By Ian M. Brown
The Great War witnessed mass armies battling with modern, quick-firing weapons s…
Read more
Thematic
Urban Societies and Cities
By Andrew Lees
Cities — with their comparatively large and dense but also vulnerable population…
Read more
Thematic
War in the Balkans
By Richard C. Hall
The Balkan Wars erupted in South Eastern Europe in October 1912. Fighting contin…
Read more
Thematic
War Losses
By Antoine Prost
Military sources provide the primary statistics of war losses and casualties dur…
Read more
Thematic
Women War Reporters
By Stephanie Seul
Female war reporters from belligerent and neutral countries were present in the …
Read more
Thematic
Xenophobia
By Thomas Brodie
This article provides an overview of xenophobia during the First World War - nam…
Read more
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14
coalition warfare
1
collaboration, politics
1
colonial labour
5
colonial labourers
2
colonial troops
10
colonialism, imperialism
41
combatants
30
combatants, other
2
command and control
55
command structures
6
commemoration, cult of the fallen
13
communication systems
2
communism, socialism
9
comunication technologies
2
conferences, conventions and congresses
19
conscientious objection
1
controversies
6
courts
3
crime and discrimination
17
crimes, atrocities
57
crimes, atrocities, other
11
cult of sacrifice
3
culture
26
declarations
11
decoration, military
2
demobilisation
3
demobilisation, post-war
1
demography
28
desertion
13
diplomacy
17
discrimination
8
diseases
18
disobedience
15
disobedience, other forms
1
domestic lending
1
domestic mobilisation
11
domestic policy
37
draft dodging
1
economy
35
education
6
elections
3
embargoes
1
emotions
3
emotions, society
7
entering the war
24
epidemics
7
equipment and supplies
8
espionage
2
everyday life
5
everyday life, civilian war experience
53
exile, politics
5
exile, society
1
family, generation
19
famine and starvation
19
farmers, peasants
4
fascism
3
femininity
6
film
4
film, documentary
5
food and nutrition
13
forced labour
7
forced migration
28
foreign labourers
1
foreign legions
1
foreign lending
3
genocide
48
governments
60
hero cult
5
historiography
13
hostage taking
3
housing
1
humour
1
hygiene
3
images of the enemy
3
industry, other
2
infantry
10
inflation
4
inflation, post-war
1
injuries
6
institutions
73
intellectuals
7
intelligence services
2
intergovernmental organisations
3
international law
9
international relations
101
internment and POWs
19
interpretations of war
6
invalids
2
July crisis
7
juvenile delinquency
1
killing and dying
4
labour
15
labour movements
2
language
3
law and legislation
21
League of Nations
11
letters and diaries
3
liberalism
1
literature and poetry
7
looting, devastation
4
maneuver warfare
2
masculinity
5
mass executions
8
medical services, military
9
memoirs and testimonies
6
memory and historiography
30
mental trauma
4
middle classes
2
migration
3
militarism, culture
2
militarism, political
3
military infrastructure
25
military law
5
military planning and recruitment
42
military sciences and technology
4
ministries and departments
12
minorities
44
minorities policy
27
mobilisation, economic
3
mobilisation, military
20
mobilisation, religious
17
mobilization, cultural
19
monarchy
17
mortality
4
motivations
5
mountain warfare
1
museums, exhibitions
5
music
2
mutilations
3
mutiny
3
nation-building
15
national movements
14
nationalism, culture
10
nationalism, political
44
neutrality
8
news agencies
2
newspapers
20
nurses
8
occupation, military
19
occupation, society
7
officers
23
origins of war
6
orphans
9
pacifism
8
paramilitary forces
5
paramilitary forces, post-war
3
parliaments
12
parties, communist
2
parties, confessional
2
parties, conservative
1
parties, liberal
3
parties, nationalist
7
parties, other
2
parties, socialist
3
peace initiatives
4
peace treaties
26
photography
8
pogroms
5
police
3
political and social movements
21
political and social movements, other
3
political ideologies
65
political ideologies, other
3
political violence
7
politics, law
131
population, rural
6
population, urban
10
post-war conflicts
10
post-war economy
3
post-war moral values
2
post-war politics
50
post-war social conflicts
3
post-war society
15
press, journalism
22
private welfare
6
proclamations of new states
25
propaganda
31
propaganda, domestic
24
propaganda, international
7
propaganda, military
9
public opinion
11
racism, xenophobia
12
rape
5
rationing and shortages
16
raw materials
5
recruitment
12
refugees
21
relief organisations
23
religion and ethics
24
religious institutions
10
remembrance days
7
reparations
2
resistance and revolutions
56
revolts, political
27
revolts, society
5
revolutions
36
riots, political
3
riots, society
2
scares and rumours
3
science and technology
7
Second World War
7
sexuality
1
social conflict
6
social groups
63
social policy
2
society
99
soldiers, experiences and attitudes
16
sports and leisure time
1
strategies, military
10
strikes, political
6
strikes, society
3
submarine warfare
11
substitutes
1
substitutes, economy
1
suffrage
2
surface warfare
11
symbolic politics
2
tactics, military
6
tank warfare
1
taxation
2
technical sciences
3
technology transfer
1
territorial questions
28
the media
46
theatre
1
trade
6
trade unions
3
training and education, military
10
transport
1
transport, logistics and infrastructure
18
transportation technologies
3
trauma and medical care
27
treaties and agreements, other
9
trench warfare
6
trials
6
unemployment, during and after war
1
upper classes
7
veterans
6
visual arts
3
volunteers
8
wages
1
war aims
8
war correspondents
4
war economy
25
war fatigue
3
war finance
9
war industry
3
war legislation
5
war losses, civilian
12
war losses, economic
1
war losses, military
18
war monuments, war memorials
9
war myths
6
warfare and the military
125
warfare, air
6
warfare, land
13
warfare, naval
27
wars after war
24
widows
3
women and men
10
women's labour
5
women's movements
2
working classes
5
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Region
Afghanistan
2
Africa
13
Albania
2
Armenia
6
Australasia
8
Australia
7
Austria
7
Austria-Hungary
31
Azerbaijan
1
Belarus
1
Belgium
20
Bulgaria
8
Burma
1
Canada
5
Central Europe
41
China
9
Czechoslovakia
2
Denmark
1
East and Central Africa
6
East Asia
14
Eastern Europe
33
Egypt
12
Estonia
2
Finland
1
France
37
Germany
40
Great Britain
29
Great Britain and Ireland
37
Greece
8
Hungary
3
India
1
Indochina
4
Iraq
7
Ireland
4
Italy
26
Japan
13
Korea
2
Latin America
2
Latvia
2
Lebanon
9
Lithuania
4
Micronesia
1
Middle East
153
Montenegro
2
New Zealand
7
Newfoundland
1
North America
27
Northern Africa
8
Norway
1
Ottoman Empire
154
Palestine
9
Persia/Iran
2
Poland
10
Portugal
4
Romania
6
Russian Empire
31
Serbia
14
South America
1
South and South East Asia
9
South East Europe
17
Southern Africa
3
Spain
5
Sweden
3
Switzerland
4
Syria
14
The Netherlands
5
Ukraine
4
Union of South Africa
5
USA
27
West Africa
6
Western Europe
43
Yugoslavia
2
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Type
Concepts, Practices and Policies
9
Events
13
Objects
1
Organizations
12
Persons
36
Regional Thematic Article
38
Spaces
3
Survey Article (Regional)
1
Survey Article (Thematic)
40
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