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Handbook Articles
Encyclopedic Entries
62 Results
Survey Articles (Regional)
Regional
Poland
By Piotr Szlanta
This paper presents the process of building an independent Polish state during t…
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Regional Thematic Articles
Regional Thematic
Centenary (Poland)
By Bartosz Dziewanowski-Stefańczyk
Contrary to the Great War, the regaining of Polish independence in 1918 has long…
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Regional Thematic
Commemoration, Cult of the Fallen (East Central Europe)
By Jussi Jalonen, Klaus Richter, Piotr Szlanta
In the countries of East Central Europe, the commemoration of soldiers who fell …
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Regional Thematic
Film/Cinema (East Central Europe)
By Karina Pryt
Until 1914, cinema in the Polish lands was shaped by borders between the partiti…
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Regional Thematic
Food and Nutrition (East Central Europe)
By Andrea Griffante
The German occupation of the north-western territories of the tsarist empire was…
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Regional Thematic
Governments, Parliaments and Parties; Political Movements and Protostate Formation (East Central Europe)
By Klaus Richter, Piotr Szlanta
Political movements in Poland and the Baltics were heavily influenced by the Ger…
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Regional Thematic
Historiography 1918-Today (East Central Europe)
By Klaus Richter, Piotr Szlanta
East Central European historians of the First World War have focused and continu…
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Regional Thematic
Labour Movements and Strikes (East Central Europe)
By Paweł Brudek
During the First World War, revolutionary changes occurred in the labour movemen…
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Regional Thematic
Occupation during and after the War (Austria-Hungary)
By Wolfram Dornik
While on the Western Front there were only limited territorial movements, the Ea…
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Regional Thematic
Occupation during and after the War (East Central Europe)
By Stephan Lehnstaedt
This article examines the politics of the German (Generalgouvernement Warschau) …
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Regional Thematic
Polish War Myths (East Central Europe)
By Paweł Brudek
During the First World War, Józef Piłsudski and his followers invented the legen…
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Regional Thematic
Post-war Agrarian Economic Policies (East Central Europe)
By Klaus Richter
Agrarianism became a major political force in the independent states that emerge…
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Regional Thematic
Post-war Economies (East Central Europe)
By Wojciech Morawski
Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, and Poland – all countries founded after Wo…
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Regional Thematic
Post-war Military Action and Violence (East Central Europe)
By Jochen Böhler
The armistices of 1918 officially ended the First World War in Europe, but viole…
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Regional Thematic
Post-war Societies (East Central Europe)
By Maciej Górny
Although in late 1918 countries of East Central Europe had different forms of go…
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Regional Thematic
Press/Journalism (East Central Europe)
By Paweł Brudek
The situation of the press in East Central Europe worsened after the outbreak of…
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Regional Thematic
Prisoners of War (East Central Europe)
By Piotr Szlanta, Klaus Richter
During the war, hundreds of thousands of East Central Europeans mobilised to the…
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Regional Thematic
Propaganda at Home and Abroad (East Central Europe)
By Paweł Brudek
This article discusses the content and impact of various propaganda strategies w…
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Regional Thematic
Revolutions (East Central Europe)
By Paweł Brudek
This article discusses the influence the Russian Revolution had on countries in …
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Regional Thematic
War Aims and War Aims Discussions (East Central Europe)
By Jens Boysen
Already in autumn 1914, East Central Europe became a main theatre of operational…
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Regional Thematic
Warfare 1914-1918 (East Central Europe)
By Piotr Szlanta, Klaus Richter
Unlike the war on the Western Front, warfare in East Central Europe during the F…
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Encyclopedic Entries
Entry
Bloch, Jan Gotlib
By Agnieszka Janiak-Jasińska
Jan Bloch was an entrepreneur, social activist and pacifist. At the end of his l…
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Entry
Daszyński, Ignacy
By Andrzej Chojnowski
Ignacy Daszyński was one of the foremost figures on the Polish political scene i…
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Entry
Dmowski, Roman
By Michał Leśniewski
Roman Stanisław Dmowski was a Polish politician and most importantly the co-foun…
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Entry
Haller, Józef
By Jan Snopko
General Józef Haller was one of the best known Polish military commanders of the…
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Entry
Kostiuchnówka, Battle of
By Paweł Brudek
The Battle of Kostiuchnówka occurred during the Brusilov Offensive in the Volhyn…
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Entry
Lemberg
By Claudia Reichl-Ham
In World War I Lemberg (German: Lemberg, Ukrainian: Lviv, Polish: Lwów) played a…
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Entry
Paderewski, Ignacy Jan
By Andrzej Chojnowski
Ignacy Jan Paderewski was a virtuoso pianist. He made use of his popularity in t…
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Entry
Piłsudski, Józef
By Michał Leśniewski
Józef Klemens Piłsudski was a Polish statesman, socialist politician, freedom fi…
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Entry
Polish Army in France
By Jarosław Centek
The Bayonne Company was the first Polish unit in France, formed in 1914 as a uni…
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Entry
Polish-German Border Conflict
By Jens Boysen
In the 19th century, the German-Polish borderlands became the object of national…
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Entry
Polish Legionaries Union
By Paweł Brudek
The Związek Legionistów Polskich (Polish Legionaries Union), or ZLP, was an asso…
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Entry
Polish Legions
By Jarosław Centek
At the outbreak of the Great War, two Polish Legions were formed within the Aust…
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Entry
Polish-Lithuanian Border Conflict
By Česlovas Laurinavičius
The Polish-Lithuanian border conflict (1914-1924) was a consequence of the proce…
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Entry
Polish National Units in Russia
By Paweł Brudek
The Polish Army was born out of the chaos of revolutionary Russia. The Russian a…
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Entry
Polish Paramilitary Organisations before 1914
By Mateusz Drozdowski
Polish paramilitary organizations were active in Galicia from 1910 to 1914 with …
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Entry
Polish-Soviet War 1920-1921
By Jarosław Centek
The hostilities between Bolshevik Russia and Poland started as early as 1919. In…
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Entry
Polish-Ukrainian Conflict over Eastern Galicia
By Oksana Dudko
The Polish-Ukrainian conflict over Eastern Galicia in 1918-19 refers to an armed…
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Entry
Rape
By Antoine Rivière
Although rape was not usually systematic, it occurred frequently on all fronts d…
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Entry
Riga, Treaty of
By Jerzy Borzęcki
The Treaty of Riga was signed by Poland and the Soviet state on 18 March 1921 an…
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Entry
Tomb of the Unknown Soldier, Warsaw
By Keya Thakur-Smolarek
The Tomb of the Unknown Soldier in Warsaw was originally built to honor the fall…
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Entry
Trialism
By Mateusz Drozdowski
Before and at the beginning of World War I, various proposals concerning the cre…
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See Also
Thematic
Antisemitism
By Werner Bergmann, Ulrich Wyrwa
The First World War and its direct repercussions in the postwar period (revoluti…
Read more
Thematic
Bereavement and Mourning
By Manfred Hettling, Tino Schölz
In the modern era, new forms of mourning and meaning-making for fallen soldiers …
Read more
Thematic
Centenary (Historiography)
By Jost Dülffer
Innovative historical scholarship played an important role in the shaping of mem…
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Thematic
Centenary (Museums)
By Andrea Brait
This article discusses how European museums – in particular, national war museum…
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Thematic
Demobilization
By Gearóid Barry
The end of fighting in 1918 raised hopes for swift and equitable military demobi…
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Thematic
Forced Labour
By Jens Thiel, Christian Westerhoff
This article examines the conditions, forms and consequences of forced labor and…
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Thematic
Health, Disease, Mortality; Demographic Effects
By Doina Anca Cretu
The rapid spread of epidemics ravaged military personnel and civilians in and ou…
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Thematic
International Labour Organization
By Anita Ziegerhofer
The Treaty of Versailles was signed on 28 June 1919, establishing both the Leagu…
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Thematic
League of Nations
By Anita Ziegerhofer
The Treaty of Versailles was signed on 28 June 1919, the same day on which the L…
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Thematic
Post-war Societies
By Richard Bessel
The First World War caused unprecedented disruption to societies across the glob…
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Thematic
Propaganda at home and abroad
By Eberhard Demm
This article summarizes and compares the principal arguments and strategies of p…
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Thematic
Refugees
By Peter Gatrell
This article addresses the scale of wartime population displacement in continent…
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Thematic
Resettlement
By Peter Gatrell
The conduct of warfare in 1914-1918 included extensive population resettlement i…
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Thematic
Social Costs of War
By Kimberly A. Redding
This article explores how the anticipation, reality, and memory of sacrifice inf…
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Thematic
The Everyday as Involved in War
By Tammy M. Proctor
This essay examines how the "everyday" functions in war, not only for those on t…
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Thematic
The Paris Peace Conference and its Consequences
By Alan Sharp
This article offers an overview of peacemaking after the First World War from th…
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Thematic
Veterans' Associations
By Julia Eichenberg
Veterans’ associations formed an influential social movement during the interwar…
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Thematic
War Losses
By Antoine Prost
Military sources provide the primary statistics of war losses and casualties dur…
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Thematic
Women War Reporters
By Stephanie Seul
Female war reporters from belligerent and neutral countries were present in the …
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Thematic
Xenophobia
By Thomas Brodie
This article provides an overview of xenophobia during the First World War - nam…
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9
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29
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18
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4
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6
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1
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6
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1
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3
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2
banks and financial markets
1
battles, battlefields and campaigns
20
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2
battles, battlefields and campaigns, Eastern Front
18
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1
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6
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2
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1
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16
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9
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16
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1
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1
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4
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1
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9
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5
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2
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14
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5
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17
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1
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2
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2
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3
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5
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3
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22
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1
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4
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3
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3
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1
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5
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3
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2
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4
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12
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2
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7
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1
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1
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2
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1
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1
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1
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2
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2
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2
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15
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2
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5
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24
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11
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4
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3
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2
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3
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12
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2
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2
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7
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7
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1
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4
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1
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2
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1
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4
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1
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16
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1
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3
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1
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4
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2
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6
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1
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2
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10
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5
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3
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3
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9
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3
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3
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1
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2
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1
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1
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15
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6
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4
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10
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2
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1
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6
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3
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16
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12
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2
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2
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2
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3
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5
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10
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5
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2
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1
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2
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12
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2
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5
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1
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10
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22
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1
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1
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56
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4
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4
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20
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5
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1
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43
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6
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11
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7
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3
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28
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10
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6
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5
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2
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4
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2
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3
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7
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2
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3
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10
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4
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3
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3
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1
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11
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2
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2
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10
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1
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1
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2
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4
Second World War
7
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5
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19
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34
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6
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1
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2
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2
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1
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1
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1
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2
territorial questions
24
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14
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2
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2
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3
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1
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3
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2
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6
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4
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2
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3
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3
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7
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2
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7
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1
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2
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1
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8
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1
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4
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2
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9
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6
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6
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2
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51
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4
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3
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31
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3
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4
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2
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3
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3
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5
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4
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3
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7
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21
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3
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15
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1
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6
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2
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24
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4
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5
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1
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8
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62
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14
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9
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18
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20
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15
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17
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6
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3
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14
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7
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1
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1
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17
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1
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21
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11
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2
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4
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15
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1
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1
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10
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1
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62
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6
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20
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11
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13
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1
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1
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1
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1
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4
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8
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2
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15
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1
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22
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2
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6
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5
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6
Regional Thematic Article
20
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1
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