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Handbook Articles
Encyclopedic Entries
65 Results
Survey Articles (Regional)
Regional
China
By Klaus Mühlhahn
This article discusses China’s role in the First World War with a focus on the c…
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Regional
Hong Kong
By Chi Man Kwong
Hong Kong, a British colony, experienced much social and economic change as the …
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Regional
Taiwan
By Evan Dawley
Taiwan, Japan’s first colony, sat geographically far removed from the European b…
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Regional Thematic Articles
Regional Thematic
Centenary (China)
By Zhang Yan, Ernest Ming-Tak Leung
Modern Chinese collective remembrance of the First World War is composed of thre…
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Regional Thematic
Civilian and Military Power (China)
By Lin-Chun Wu
From 1916 to 1928, the Republic China was divided among military cliques in the …
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Regional Thematic
Civilian and Military Power (Japan)
By Frederick R. Dickinson
Like the Sino- and Russo-Japanese Wars, the First World War gave an enormous boo…
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Regional Thematic
Governments, Parliaments and Parties (China)
By Lin-Chun Wu
China’s attempt to participate in the European war was complicated by domestic t…
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Regional Thematic
Governments, Parliaments and Parties (Japan)
By Frederick R. Dickinson
Despite over 7,000 miles of separation from the Western Front, Imperial Japan un…
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Regional Thematic
Historiography 1918-Today (China)
By Xin Fan
The First World War has been a neglected topic in Chinese historiography from 19…
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Regional Thematic
Historiography 1918-Today (Japan)
By Andrea Revelant
Still largely overlooked in the international scholarship on the First World War…
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Regional Thematic
Labour (China)
By Guoqi Xu
This essay studies Chinese workers on the Western Front during the First World W…
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Regional Thematic
Literature (Japan)
By Hiroaki Nakayama
For many years it was considered that the First World War had nothing to do with…
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Regional Thematic
Making Sense of the War (China)
By Yan He
Historically, scholars largely disregarded China’s First World War involvement, …
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Regional Thematic
Making Sense of the War (Japan)
By Isao Chiba
Despite Japan’s critical contribution to the Allied cause, until recent years, h…
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Regional Thematic
Occupation during and after the War (China)
By Lukas K. Danner
This article surveys the occupation of the formerly German-leased territory arou…
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Regional Thematic
Prisoners of War (Japan)
By Atsushi Otsuru
After Germany and its allies were defeated in Tsingtao, their soldiers were capt…
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Regional Thematic
Propaganda (China)
By Andreas Steen
After China had declared its neutrality in the European conflict, the foreign po…
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Regional Thematic
Science and Technology (Japan)
By Yoshiyuki Kikuchi
Despite its image as a “European” war, the First World War exerted a tremendous …
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Regional Thematic
Social Conflict and Control, Protest and Repression (Japan)
By Andrew Gordon
Social protest surged in Japan during World War I. Labor strikes, union organizi…
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Regional Thematic
War Aims and War Aims Discussions (China)
By Lukas K. Danner
This article discusses China’s war aims during the First World War, as well as t…
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Regional Thematic
War Aims and War Aims Discussions (Japan)
By Rustin Gates
This article discusses Japan’s war aims during the First World War, as well as t…
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Regional Thematic
Warfare 1914-1918 (Japan)
By Jürgen Melzer
Japan’s participation in the Great War opened up a new chapter in the country’s …
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Regional Thematic
War Finance (Japan)
By Yuichiro Sakamoto
The majority of Japan’s direct war expenditures during World War I were spent fr…
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Regional Thematic
War Losses and Reparations (China)
By Chi-hua Tang
China’s war losses during World War I were primarily composed of 1) public and p…
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Regional Thematic
Wartime and Post-war Economies (China)
By Hajo Frölich
China, which joined the Allied cause in 1917, profited economically from the Fir…
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Regional Thematic
Wartime and Post-war Economies (Japan)
By Michael Schiltz
Although the military and geopolitical relevance of World War I to Japan must be…
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Encyclopedic Entries
Entry
Barbed Wire
By Alan Krell
Invented in France in 1860, barbed wire was further developed in the United Stat…
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Entry
Chinese Workers in Russia
By Olga Alexeeva
During the war, the Tsarist government imported large groups of Chinese to the R…
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Entry
Dada
By Josepha Laroche
Dada, a transnational movement of artists, was founded in Zurich in 1916. It dis…
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Entry
Empire
By Erez Manela
World War I was not simply a conflict among European states but a global war of …
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Entry
Konoe, Fumimaro
By Gerhard Krebs
Prince Fumimaro Konoe was a pivotal figure in Japanese history during the first …
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Entry
Koo, V. K. Wellington
By Stephen G. Craft
During World War I, V. K. Wellington Koo worked in the Chinese foreign ministry …
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Entry
League of Nations and Japan
By Thomas W. Burkman
Japan joined the League of Nations from its outset in 1920 as one of four perman…
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Entry
Liang, Qichao
By Clemens Büttner
Liang Qichao was the driving intellectual force behind the Chinese decision to j…
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Entry
Micronesia
By Niko Tillmann, Yuko Maezawa
Japanese interest in expansion into the South Pacific began in the 1870s. World …
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Entry
Navy Squadron in the Mediterranean (Japan)
By Tomoyuki Ishizu
Responding to the British request for further support to the Allied war efforts,…
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Entry
Portuguese Macau
By Célia Reis
During World War One, Macau's main problem was its relationship with China. This…
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Entry
Provincial Capitals (Japan)
By Louise Young
Though of minimal significance for Japan militarily, the Great War helped stimul…
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Entry
Qingdao, Siege of/German-Japanese War
By Sven Saaler
Japan declared war on Germany in August 1914 and, after a two-month siege, captu…
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Entry
Russo-Japanese War
By Siobhan Peeling
The Russo-Japanese War of 1904-1905, caused by Russian and Japanese expansionism…
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Entry
Siberian Intervention 1918-1922
By Paul Dunscomb
Woodrow Wilson proposed a joint intervention with Japan to “rescue” the Czech le…
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Entry
Wilsonian Moment
By Erez Manela
The wake of the Great War saw mobilizations against empire across the world, wit…
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See Also
Thematic
Alliance System 1914
By Günther Kronenbitter
Alliances were an important feature of the international system on the eve of Wo…
Read more
Thematic
Bereavement and Mourning
By Manfred Hettling, Tino Schölz
In the modern era, new forms of mourning and meaning-making for fallen soldiers …
Read more
Thematic
Centenary (Historiography)
By Jost Dülffer
Innovative historical scholarship played an important role in the shaping of mem…
Read more
Thematic
Controversy: Total War
By Daniel Marc Segesser
Total war is a controversial term used in the past by politicians, publicists an…
Read more
Thematic
Extra-European Theatres of War
By Michelle Moyd
The extra-European theatres of World War I have received far less scholarly atte…
Read more
Thematic
Governments, Parliaments and Parties
By Torsten Oppelland
One sees a wide range of political regimes from a democratic republic with unive…
Read more
Thematic
Health, Disease, Mortality; Demographic Effects
By Doina Anca Cretu
The rapid spread of epidemics ravaged military personnel and civilians in and ou…
Read more
Thematic
Imperialism
By Boris Barth
This article focuses on the extent to which imperialism contributed to the outbr…
Read more
Thematic
Influenza Pandemic
By Howard Phillips
By examining the origins, pathways, demographic impact and consequences for the …
Read more
Thematic
International Labour Organization
By Anita Ziegerhofer
The Treaty of Versailles was signed on 28 June 1919, establishing both the Leagu…
Read more
Thematic
International Law and the Laws of War
By Jean H. Quataert
The article examines international efforts to curb states’ war-making prerogativ…
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Thematic
League of Nations
By Anita Ziegerhofer
The Treaty of Versailles was signed on 28 June 1919, the same day on which the L…
Read more
Thematic
Militarism
By Christian K. Melby
Militarism is a vague term that has meant different things to different people a…
Read more
Thematic
Negotiating and Mediating Conduct of War
By Matthew Stibbe
Many issues surrounding the conduct of war in the years 1914-1918 were imperviou…
Read more
Thematic
On the Road to Modern War
By Dennis Showalter
The Great War was never considered the “war to end all wars” by the states and a…
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Thematic
Post-war Economies
By Dietmar Rothermund
Post-war economies were beset with problems, ultimately leading to the Great Dep…
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Thematic
Raw Materials
By Pierre Chancerel
Raw materials were vital during the First World War. Due to the armaments produc…
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Thematic
Social Conflict
By Claire Morelon
This article deals with the nature of social conflict during the war. The length…
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Thematic
The Paris Peace Conference and its Consequences
By Alan Sharp
This article offers an overview of peacemaking after the First World War from th…
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Thematic
The Way to War
By Samuel R. Williamson, Jr.
Imperialism shaped almost every facet of international politics from 1898 to 191…
Read more
Thematic
Willingly to War. Public Response to the Outbreak of War
By Jean-Jacques Becker
It may surprise us to learn that some sectors of the European public were in fav…
Read more
Thematic
Women War Reporters
By Stephanie Seul
Female war reporters from belligerent and neutral countries were present in the …
Read more
Thematic
Xenophobia
By Thomas Brodie
This article provides an overview of xenophobia during the First World War - nam…
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4
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