| African Labour in Europe (Africa) | Fogarty, Richard | East and Central Africa, Egypt, Northern Africa, Union of South Africa, West Africa | Home Front, Power |
| Antisemitism | Bergmann, Werner and Wyrwa, Ulrich | Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, France, Germany, Great Britain, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Poland, Romania, Russian Empire, Serbia | Power |
| Armenian Genocide | Suny, Ronald Grigor | Armenia, Ottoman Empire | Violence |
| Atrocities | Kramer, Alan | Austria, Belgium, France, Germany, Great Britain, Ottoman Empire, Serbia, Ukraine | Violence |
| Australia | Beaumont, Joan | Australia | Home Front, Post-war, Power, Pre-war, Violence |
| Baltic States and Finland | Richter, Klaus | Estonia, Finland, Latvia, Lithuania | Home Front, Post-war, Power, Pre-war, Violence |
| Belgium | De Schaepdrijver, Sophie | Belgium | Home Front, Post-war, Power, Violence |
| Bereavement and Mourning | Hettling, Manfred and Schölz, Tino | Australia, Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Canada, China, Czechoslovakia, Germany, Great Britain, Greece, Hungary, India, Japan, Korea, Lithuania, New Zealand, Ottoman Empire, Poland, Portugal, Russian Empire, USA, Union of South Africa | Home Front |
| Bereavement and Mourning (Great Britain) | Jalland, Patricia | Great Britain | Home Front |
| Bereavement and Mourning (South East Europe) | Pintar, Olga Manojlovic | Bulgaria, Romania, Serbia, Yugoslavia | Home Front |
| Between Acceptance and Refusal - Soldiers' Attitudes Towards War | Loez, André | Austria-Hungary, Canada, France, Germany, Great Britain, Ireland, Italy, Russian Empire, USA | Violence |
| Between Acceptance and Refusal - Soldiers' Attitudes Towards War (Austria-Hungary) | Lein, Richard | Austria, Hungary | Violence |
| Between Acceptance and Refusal - Soldiers' Attitudes Towards War (Canada) | Smith, Nathan | Canada | Violence |
| Between Acceptance and Refusal - Soldiers' Attitudes Towards War (Ottoman Empire/ Middle East) | Beşikçi, Mehmet | Ottoman Empire | Violence |
| Between Acceptance and Refusal - Soldiers' Attitudes Towards War (Russian Empire) | Astashov, Aleksandr Borisovich | Russian Empire | Violence |
| Canada | Granatstein, J. L. | Canada | Home Front, Post-war, Pre-war, Violence |
| Centenary (Armenia) | Adjemian, Boris | Armenia | Post-war |
| Centenary (Computer Games) | Kempshall, Chris | Belgium, France, Great Britain, Italy, Ottoman Empire, USA | Media, Post-war |
| Centenary (New Zealand) | Phillips, Jock and Baird, Kingsley | New Zealand | Post-war |
| Centenary (Russia) | Nagornaja, Oxana Sergeevna | Russian Empire | Post-war |
| Centenary (South Africa) | Nasson, Bill | Southern Africa, Union of South Africa | Post-war |
| Centenary (Turkey) | Maksudyan, Nazan | Ottoman Empire | Post-war |
| Centenary (Ukraine) | Yurchuk, Yuliya | Ukraine | Post-war |
| Children and War (Italy) | Gibelli, Antonio | Italy | Home Front |
| Children and Youth: Ottoman Empire (Ottoman Empire/Middle East) | Maksudyan, Nazan | Ottoman Empire | Home Front |
| Civilian and Military Power (France) | Bourlet, Michaël | France | Power |
| Civilian and Military Power (USA) | Ford, Nancy Gentile | USA | Power |
| Civilian Morale | Ermacora, Matteo | Austria-Hungary, France, Germany, Great Britain and Ireland, Italy, Ottoman Empire, Russian Empire, USA | Home Front |
| Civil-Military Relations during World War I (Russian Empire) | Porshneva, Olga | Russian Empire | Power, Violence |
| Colonial Military Participation in Europe (Africa) | Koller, Christian | East and Central Africa, Northern Africa, West Africa | Violence |
| Colonial Society (Indochina) | Brocheux, Pierre | Indochina | Home Front, Power, Pre-war |
| Colonial State Power and Politics (Africa) | Pesek, Michael | Africa | Power |
| Crumbling of Empires and Emerging States: Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia as (Multi)national Countries | Boeckh, Katrin | Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia | Power |
| Demobilization | Barry, Gearóid | Austria-Hungary, France, Germany, Great Britain, India, Ireland, Italy, Northern Africa, Poland, Russian Empire, USA | Post-war |
| Disease and Public Health (Ottoman Empire/Middle East) | Schulze-Tanielian, Melanie | Ottoman Empire | Home Front |
| Disease and Public Health (Portugal) | Garnel, Rita | Portugal | Home Front |
| Economies and Home Front (Union of South Africa) | Nasson, Bill | Union of South Africa | Home Front |
| Enemy Aliens and Internment | Stibbe, Matthew | Austria-Hungary, Germany, Great Britain, USA | Power |
| Ethnic Minorities at War (USA) | Laskin, David | USA | Violence |
| Exile and Migration (Spain) | Cordero Olivero, Inmaculada | Spain | Home Front |
| Exile and Migration (Sweden) | Kvist Geverts, Karin | Sweden | Home Front |
| Exile and Migration (Switzerland) | Huber, Anja | Switzerland | Home Front |
| Exile and Migration (The Netherlands) | Schrover, Marlou | The Netherlands | Home Front |
| Film/Cinema (East Central Europe) | Pryt, Karina | Poland | Media |
| Film/Cinema (Ottoman Empire) | Çeliktemel-Thomen, Özde | Ottoman Empire | Media |
| Food and Nutrition (Australia) | Smart, Judith | Australia | Home Front |
| Food and Nutrition (Austria-Hungary) | Langthaler, Ernst | Austria, Hungary | Home Front |
| Food and Nutrition (Belgium) | Vrints, Antoon | Belgium | Home Front |
| Food and Nutrition (Indochina) | Peters, Erica J. | Indochina | Home Front |
| Food and Nutrition (Italy) | Dentoni, Maria Concetta | Italy | Home Front |
| Food and Nutrition (Ottoman Empire/Middle East) | Schulze-Tanielian, Melanie | Ottoman Empire | Home Front |
| Food and Nutrition (Portugal) | Rollo, Maria Fernanda and Pires, Ana Paula | Portugal | Home Front |
| Food and Nutrition (Russian Empire) | Golubinov, Iaroslav | Russian Empire | Home Front |
| France | Beaupré, Nicolas | France | Home Front, Power, Pre-war, Violence |
| Governments, Parliaments and Parties (Canada) | MacKenzie, David | Canada | Power |
| Governments, Parliaments and Parties (New Zealand) | McAloon, Jim | New Zealand | Power, Pre-war |
| Governments, Parliaments and Parties (Ottoman Empire/Middle East) | Ahmad, Feroz | Ottoman Empire | Power |
| Health, Disease, Mortality; Demographic Effects | Cretu, Doina Anca | Austria-Hungary, France, Germany, Great Britain, India, Italy, Japan, New Zealand, Ottoman Empire, Poland, Romania, Russian Empire, Serbia, USA | Home Front |
| Historiography 1918-Today (Canada) | Shaw, Amy J. | Canada | Post-war |
| Historiography 1918-Today (Italy) | Labanca, Nicola | Italy | Post-war |
| Historiography 1918-Today (USA) | Price, James S. | USA | Post-war |
| Hong Kong | Kwong, Chi Man | Hong Kong | |
| Humanitarianism (Denmark) | Sørensen, Nils Arne | Denmark | Home Front |
| Humanitarianism (The Netherlands) | van Bergen, Leo | The Netherlands | Home Front |
| Indigenous Experience of War (British Dominions) | Riseman, Noah and Winegard, Timothy C. | Australia, Canada, New Zealand, Newfoundland, Union of South Africa | Violence |
| Indigenous Experiences of War (USA) | Voigt, Matthias | USA | Violence |
| Indochinese Workers in France (Indochina) | Vu-Hill, Kimloan | Indochina | Home Front |
| International Committee of the Red Cross | Herrmann, Irène and Palmieri, Daniel | Switzerland | Home Front, Post-war, Power, Pre-war, Violence |
| Internment (Canada) | Avery, Donald H. | Canada | Violence |
| Labor | Rowe, Steven E. | Austria-Hungary, Belgium, France, Germany, Great Britain, Italy, Russian Empire | Home Front |
| Labour (Belgium) | Luyten, Dirk | Belgium | Home Front |
| Labour (China) | Xu, Guoqi | China | Home Front |
| Labour (France) | Chancerel, Pierre | France | Home Front |
| Labour, Labour Movements and Strikes (Ottoman Empire/ Middle East) | Thompson, Elizabeth and Akin, Yiğit | Ottoman Empire | Home Front |
| Labour, Labour Movements, Trade Unions and Strikes (Austria-Hungary) | Beneš, Jakub | Austria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary | Home Front |
| Labour, Labour Movements, Trade Unions and Strikes (Italy) | Ermacora, Matteo | Italy | Home Front |
| Labour Movements and Strikes (East Central Europe) | Brudek, Paweł | Estonia, Finland, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland | Home Front |
| Labour Movements and Strikes, Social Conflict and Control, Protest and Repression (Germany) | Weinhauer, Klaus | Germany | Home Front |
| Labour Movements, Trade Unions and Strikes | Thompson, James | Austria-Hungary, Belgium, France, Germany, Great Britain, Italy, Russian Empire, Switzerland | Home Front |
| Labour Movements, Trade Unions and Strikes (Canada) | St. Croix, Brad | Canada | Home Front |
| Labour Movements, Trade Unions and Strikes (Latin America) | Rinke, Stefan | Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Mexico, Peru | Home Front |
| Labour Movements, Trade Unions and Strikes (Portugal) | Dias Pereira, Joana | Portugal | Home Front |
| Labour Movements, Trade Unions and Strikes (Russian Empire) | Albert, Gleb | Russian Empire | Home Front |
| Labour Movements, Trade Unions and Strikes (USA) | Taillon, Paul Michel | USA | Home Front |
| Labour (Portugal) | Azevedo, Ana Carina Gerardo da Silva | Portugal | Home Front |
| Labour (Russian Empire) | Melancon, Michael S. | Russian Empire | Home Front |
| Latin America | Rinke, Stefan and Kriegesmann, Karina | Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Mexico, Panama, Peru | Home Front, Media, Power, Pre-war, Violence |
| Literature (Belgium) | De Schaepdrijver, Sophie | Belgium | Media |
| Literature (India) | Das, Santanu | India | Media |
| Making Sense of the War (Ottoman Empire/Middle East) | Minasidis, Charalampos | Ottoman Empire | Media |
| Making Sense of the War (Spain) | García Sanz, Carolina | Spain | Media |
| Making Sense of the War (The Netherlands) | Brolsma, Marjet | The Netherlands | Media |
| Making Sense of the War (USA) | Little, Branden | USA | Media |
| Migration and Mobility | Schrover, Marlou | Australia, Canada, Germany, Great Britain, Russian Empire, USA | Home Front |
| Migration (Norway) | Brazier, Eirik | Norway | Home Front |
| Minorities in Germany (Denmark) | Schultz Hansen, Hans | Denmark | Home Front |
| Minorities (Ottoman Empire/Middle East) | Kieser, Hans-Lukas | Ottoman Empire | Home Front, Pre-war, Violence |
| Moral Norms and Values | Barry, Gearóid | Austria, Canada, France, Germany, Great Britain and Ireland, Italy, Russian Empire, USA | Home Front |
| Music (Portugal) | Félix, Pedro | Portugal | Media |
| Nationalities (Austria-Hungary) | Stergar, Rok | Austria-Hungary | Home Front |
| Naval Blockade (of Germany) | Kramer, Alan | Germany | Home Front, Power, Violence |
| Negotiating and Mediating Conduct of War | Stibbe, Matthew | Austria-Hungary, Belgium, China, East and Central Africa, France, Germany, Great Britain, Italy, Japan, Northern Africa, Ottoman Empire, Russian Empire, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, The Netherlands, USA, West Africa | Violence |
| New Zealand | Hunter, Kate | New Zealand | Home Front, Post-war, Power, Violence |
| Non-European Soldiers | Fogarty, Richard and Jarboe, Andrew Tait | Belgium, East and Central Africa, Egypt, France, Great Britain and Ireland, India, Indochina, Iraq, Northern Africa, Ottoman Empire, West Africa | Violence |
| Occupation during and after the War (Germany) | Schröder, Joachim and Watson, Alexander | Germany | Post-war, Power |
| Occupation during and after the War (Italy) | Ermacora, Matteo | Italy | Post-war, Power |
| Occupation during and after the War (Russian Empire) | Dornik, Wolfram | Russian Empire | Post-war, Power |
| Occupation during the War | Corni, Gustavo | Albania, Austria-Hungary, Belgium, Bulgaria, France, Germany, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Montenegro, Poland, Romania, Serbia | Power |
| Occupation during the War (Belgium and France) | Wegner, Larissa | Belgium, France | Power |
| Organization of War Economies and War Finance (South East Europe) | Rafailović, Jelena | South East Europe | Home Front |
| Organization of War Economies (Russian Empire) | Gatrell, Peter | Russian Empire | Home Front |
| Ottoman Empire/Middle East | Yanıkdağ, Yücel | Ottoman Empire | Home Front, Post-war, Power, Pre-war, Violence |
| Post-war Agrarian Economic Policies (East Central Europe) | Richter, Klaus | Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland | Post-war |
| Post-war Economies (Africa) | Walker-Said, Charlotte | East and Central Africa, Southern Africa, Union of South Africa, West Africa | Post-war |
| Post-war Economies (Italy) | Degli Esposti, Fabio | Italy | Post-war |
| Post-war Economies (Russian Empire) | Heywood, Anthony | Russian Empire | Post-war |
| Post-war Military Action and Violence (East Central Europe) | Böhler, Jochen | Belarus, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Ukraine | Post-war, Violence |
| Post-war Societies | Bessel, Richard | Austria-Hungary, Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Great Britain and Ireland, Greece, Ottoman Empire, Poland, Serbia, USA, Ukraine, West Africa, Yugoslavia | Post-war |
| Post-war Societies (Belgium) | Kesteloot, Chantal | Belgium | Post-war |
| Post-war Societies (East Central Europe) | Górny, Maciej | Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Ukraine | Post-war |
| Post-war Societies (France) | Demiaux, Victor | France | Post-war |
| Post-war Societies (India) | Sarkar, Sumit | India | Post-war |
| Post-war Societies (South East Europe) | Innerhofer, Ian | Albania, Bulgaria, Greece, Montenegro, Serbia, Yugoslavia | Post-war |
| Post-war Societies (Turkey) | Criss, Nur Bilge | Ottoman Empire | Post-war |
| Post-war Turmoil and Violence (Hungary) | Révész, Tamás | Hungary | Post-war |
| Post-war Turmoil and Violence (Yugoslavia) | Bozanich, Stevan | Yugoslavia | Post-war |
| Pre-war Societies (Ottoman Empire/Middle East) | Dannies, Kate | Ottoman Empire | Pre-war |
| Prisoners of War | Jones, Heather | Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, France, Germany, Great Britain, Italy, Ottoman Empire, Russian Empire, Serbia | Violence |
| Prisoners of War (Africa) | Steinbach, Daniel | East and Central Africa, Egypt, Northern Africa, Southern Africa, Union of South Africa, West Africa | Violence |
| Prisoners of War and Internees (Great Britain) | Panayi, Panikos | Great Britain, Ireland | Violence |
| Prisoners of War and Internees (Union of South Africa) | Dedering, Tilman | Union of South Africa | Violence |
| Prisoners of War (Belgium and France) | Jones, Heather | Belgium, France | Violence |
| Private Life (France) | Vidal-Naquet, Clémentine | France | Home Front |
| Propaganda at Home and Abroad | Demm, Eberhard | Austria, Belgium, France, Germany, Great Britain, Ireland, Italy, Poland, Russian Empire, USA | Media |
| Property Rights and Economic Nationalism | Caglioti, Daniela L. | Armenia, Austria-Hungary, France, Germany, Great Britain, Italy, Ottoman Empire, Russian Empire, USA | Home Front |
| Prostitution (Ottoman Empire) | Oğuz, Çiğdem | Ottoman Empire | Home Front |
| Recruitment and Conscription (Canada) | Sharpe, Christopher | Canada | Violence |
| Red Cross | Cotter, Cédric | Austria-Hungary, Denmark, France, Germany, Great Britain, Russian Empire, Sweden, Switzerland, USA | Home Front |
| Refugees | Gatrell, Peter | Austria-Hungary, Belgium, Bulgaria, France, Germany, Great Britain, Greece, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Ottoman Empire, Poland, Russian Empire, Serbia, The Netherlands | Violence |
| Refugees (Italy) | Frizzera, Francesco | Italy | Violence |
| Resettlement | Gatrell, Peter | Austria-Hungary, Belgium, Bulgaria, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Romania, Russian Empire, Serbia | Power |
| Resistance and Rebellions (Africa) | Moyd, Michelle | Africa | Power |
| Revolutions | Fulwider, Chad R. | Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Ottoman Empire, Russian Empire | Power |
| Revolutions and Rebellions: Arab Revolt (Ottoman Empire/Middle East) | El Bakri, Alia | Ottoman Empire | Power |
| Revolutions and Rebellions: Van Resistance as Rebellion (Ottoman Empire/Middle East) | Cora, Yasar Tolga | Ottoman Empire | Power |
| Revolutions (Austria-Hungary) | Leidinger, Hannes | Austria, Hungary | Power |
| Revolutions (Russian Empire) | Read, Christopher | Russian Empire | Power |
| Rural Society | Ermacora, Matteo | Australia, Austria-Hungary, Canada, France, Germany, Great Britain, India, Italy, Russian Empire, USA | Home Front |
| Russian Civil War | Sumpf, Alexandre | Russian Empire | Post-war |
| Russian Empire | Sanborn, Joshua A. | Russian Empire | Home Front, Post-war, Power, Pre-war, Violence |
| Science and Technology (Ottoman Empire/Middle East) | Williams, Elizabeth | Ottoman Empire | Home Front |
| Serbia | Bjelajac, Mile | Serbia | Home Front, Post-war, Power, Pre-war, Violence |
| Shifts and Tensions in Ethnic/National Groups | Chernev, Borislav | Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire, Russian Empire | Violence |
| Social Conflict | Morelon, Claire | Austria-Hungary, Belgium, France, Germany, Great Britain, Italy, Japan, Ottoman Empire, Russian Empire, Spain, Switzerland | Home Front |
| Social Conflict and Control, Protest and Repression (Australia) | Crotty, Martin | Australia | Home Front |
| Social Conflict and Control, Protest and Repression (Austria-Hungary) | Healy, Maureen, Bronson, Dana and Jemal, Musa | Austria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary | Home Front |
| Social Conflict and Control, Protest and Repression (Italy) | Bianchi, Roberto | Italy | Home Front |
| Social Conflict and Control, Protest and Repression (Portugal) | Dias Pereira, Joana | Portugal | Home Front |
| Social Conflict and Control, Protest and Repression (Russian Empire) | Melancon, Michael S. | Russian Empire | Home Front |
| Social Costs of War | Redding, Kimberly A. | Austria-Hungary, Belarus, Belgium, France, Germany, Great Britain, Italy, Ottoman Empire, Poland, Serbia, The Netherlands, USA, Ukraine | Home Front |
| Social Movements (Latin America) | Rinke, Stefan | Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Mexico, Peru, Uruguay | Home Front |
| Staging War. Theatre 1914-1918 | Krivanec, Eva | Austria, France, Germany, Great Britain | Home Front, Media |
| State, Civil Society and Relief Organizations for War | Little, Branden | Australia, Austria-Hungary, Belgium, Canada, France, Germany, Great Britain, Italy, Russian Empire, USA | Home Front |
| Teskilat-i Mahsusa (Ottoman Empire) | Moreau, Odile | Ottoman Empire | Power |
| The Everyday as Involved in War | Proctor, Tammy M. | Austria-Hungary, Belgium, Germany, Italy, Poland, Russian Empire, USA | Home Front |
| The Home Front (Newfoundland) | Bishop Stirling, Terry | Newfoundland | Home Front |
| The Internment of Russophiles in Austria-Hungary | Choliy, Serhiy | Austria-Hungary | Violence |
| The Military Collapse of the Central Powers | Tunstall, Graydon A. | Austria, Czechoslovakia, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Ottoman Empire | Violence |
| United States of America | Keene, Jennifer D. | USA | Home Front, Media, Post-war, Power, Violence |
| Urban Societies and Cities | Lees, Andrew | Austria-Hungary, France, Germany, Great Britain, Ottoman Empire, Russian Empire | Home Front |
| War Aims and War Aims Discussions (Belgium) | van Tuyll, Hubert | Belgium | Power |
| War Aims and War Aims Discussions (Ottoman Empire) | Yasamee, Feroze | Ottoman Empire | Power |
| War Letters: Communication between Front and Home Front | Hanna, Martha | Australia, Austria-Hungary, Canada, France, Germany, Great Britain, New Zealand, Russian Empire | Home Front |
| War Losses (Ottoman Empire/Middle East) | Baş, Mehmet Fatih | Ottoman Empire | Violence |
| War Losses (Russian Empire) | Sumpf, Alexandre | Russian Empire | Violence |
| War Memory, Commemoration (Ottoman Empire/ Middle East) | Anderson, Kyle J. | Armenia, Egypt, Iraq, Lebanon, Ottoman Empire, Palestine, Syria | Post-war |
| Wartime and Post-war Economies (Sweden) | Häggqvist, Henric | Sweden | Home Front |
| Wartime and Post-war Societies (Denmark) | Østergaard Schultz, Annette | Denmark | Home Front |
| Wartime and Post-war Societies (Spain) | Martorell Linares, Miguel Angel | Spain | Home Front |
| Wartime and Post-war Societies (Sweden) | Sturfelt, Lina | Sweden | Home Front |
| Wartime and Post-war Societies (The Netherlands) | Kristel, Conny | The Netherlands | Home Front |
| West Africa | Njung, George N. | West Africa | Power, Pre-war, Violence |
| Willingly to War. Public Response to the Outbreak of War | Becker, Jean-Jacques | Australia, Austria-Hungary, Belgium, Brazil, Bulgaria, Canada, China, France, Germany, Great Britain, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Japan, New Zealand, Newfoundland, Portugal, Romania, Russian Empire, Serbia, Switzerland, USA, Union of South Africa | Power |
| Women, Gender, Social Movements (Switzerland) | Joris, Elisabeth | Switzerland | Home Front |
| Women's Mobilisation for War (Canada) | Glassford, Sarah | Canada | Home Front |
| Women's Mobilisation for War (Germany) | Stibbe, Matthew | Germany | Home Front |
| Women’s Mobilization for War | Grayzel, Susan R. | Australia, Austria-Hungary, Canada, France, Germany, Great Britain, India, Ireland, Italy, Russian Empire, USA | Home Front |
| Women's Mobilization for War (Belgium) | Gubin, Eliane, Flour, Els and Kympers, Marie | Belgium | Home Front |
| Women's Mobilization for War (Great Britain and Ireland) | Noakes, Lucy | Great Britain, Ireland | Home Front |
| Women's Mobilization for War (India) | Das, Santanu | India | Home Front |
| Women's Mobilization for War (Italy) | Bartoloni, Stefania | Italy | Home Front |
| Women's Mobilization for War (New Zealand) | Hunter, Kate | New Zealand | Home Front |
| Women's Mobilization for War (Ottoman Empire/ Middle East) | van Os, Nicole | Ottoman Empire | Home Front |
| Women's Mobilization for War (Russian Empire) | Shcherbinin, Pavel Petrovich | Russian Empire | Home Front |
| Women War Reporters | Seul, Stephanie | Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, China, France, Germany, Great Britain, Hungary, Italy, Lithuania, New Zealand, Norway, Ottoman Empire, Poland, Russian Empire, Serbia, Spain, Sweden, The Netherlands, USA | Media |
| Xenophobia | Brodie, Thomas | Austria-Hungary, Germany, Great Britain, Japan, Ottoman Empire, Poland, USA | Power |
