Regions South East Europe
Survey Articles (Regional)
Regional Thematic Articles
- Bereavement and Mourning (South East Europe)
- Centenary (Bulgaria)
- Centenary (Romania)
- Centenary (Serbia)
- Centenary (Slovenia)
- Civilian and Military Power (South East Europe)
- Commemoration, Cult of the Fallen (South East Europe)
- Film/Cinema (South East Europe)
- Historiography 1918-Today: Bulgaria (South East Europe)
- Historiography 1918-Today: Serbia and Montenegro (South East Europe)
- Literature: Serbia (South East Europe)
- Occupation during and after the War (Austria-Hungary)
- Occupation during and after the War (South East Europe)
- Organization of War Economies and War Finance (South East Europe)
- Post-war Economies (South East Europe)
- Post-war Societies (South East Europe)
- Post-war Turmoil and Violence (Yugoslavia)
- Press/Journalism: Serbia (South East Europe)
- Pre-war Military Planning (South East Europe)
- Prisoners of War and Internees (South East Europe)
- Propaganda at Home and in Exile (South East Europe)
- War Aims and War Aims Discussions (South East Europe)
- Warfare 1914-1918 (South East Europe)
- Women's Mobilization for War (South East Europe)
Encyclopedic Entries
- Balkan Wars 1912-1913
- Black Hand
- Brătianu, Ion I.C.
- Carol I, King of Romania
- Chetniks
- Clam-Martinic, Heinrich, Graf
- Constantine I, King of Greece
- Corfu Declaration
- Ferdinand I, Tsar of Bulgaria
- Fiume
- Ionescu, Dumitru
- Izmir/Smyrna
- Jeglič, Anton
- Karadjordjević, Peter I.
- Lovćen
- Macedonia and the Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization
- Metaxas, Ioannis
- Movement of National Defence (Greece)
- Neuilly-sur-Seine, Treaty of
- Pašić, Nikola
- Pecanac, Kosta
- Petrov, Racho Stoi︠a︡nov
- Prochaska Affair
- Radoslavov, Vasil
- Rape
- Russian Expeditionary Force
- Russian Expeditionary Force
- Sanjak of Novi Pazar
- Sarkotić von Lovćen, Stephan Freiherr
- Scutari crisis
- Smoking and Cigarette Consumption
- Šusteršič, Ivan
- The Soldier's Sister
- Trumbić, Ante
- Venizelos, Eleutherios
- Wied, Wilhelm, Prinz zu
- Zhekov, Nikola
See also
- Alliance System 1914
- Antisemitism
- Atrocities
- Bereavement and Mourning
- Centenary (Internet)
- Centenary (Museums)
- Centenary (Visual Arts)
- Commemoration, Cult of the Fallen
- Controversy: The Media's Responsibility for Crises and Conflicts in the Age of Imperialism
- Crumbling of Empires and Emerging States: Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia as (Multi)national Countries
- Espionage
- Health, Disease, Mortality; Demographic Effects
- Imperialism
- Influenza Pandemic
- July Crisis 1914
- Nationalism
- Occupation during the War
- Paramilitary Violence
- Post-war Societies
- Prisoners of War
- Refugees
- Resettlement
- Revolutions
- Social Costs of War
- The Paris Peace Conference and its Consequences
- The Way to War
- War in the Balkans
- War Losses
- Willingly to War. Public Response to the Outbreak of War
- Women War Reporters
Survey Articles (Regional)
-
From 1912 to 1918 Bulgaria engaged in a prolonged conflict that began in victory in 1913 and ended in defeat in 1918. During that period, the conflict exhausted Bulgaria’s manpower and material … READ MORE
Regional -
Greece officially entered the Great War rather belatedly in June 1917, despite informal involvement since 1914. The war divided Greek political elites, leading the whole country into a civil strife … READ MORE
Regional -
Greece officially entered the Great War rather belatedly in June 1917, despite informal involvement since 1914. The war divided Greek political elites, leading the whole country into a civil strife … READ MORE
Regional -
Montenegro entered the First World War politically and militarily exhausted. The outcome of the First and Second Balkan Wars in 1912 and 1913 had a devastating impact on the future of Montenegro. … READ MORE
Regional -
Romania
By Harald Heppner and Rudolf Gräf
World War I afforded the first opportunity for modern Romania to participate in a war which had a larger than regional horizon (South East Europe). The most important reason for participation was … READ MORE
Regional -
A short synthesis on Serbia's role and experience in the Great War encompasses several questions that still provoke controversies and offer many carefully reexamined data on issues such as war … READ MORE
Regional -
The idea for the unification of the Southern Slavs emerged in the 19th century and the strength of its appeal varied over the course of its development. During the First World War, … READ MORE
Regional
Regional Thematic Articles
-
The Great War impacted the lives of almost every family in South East Europe. Unable to properly mourn the bodies of their loved ones who died at the front far from home, survivors combined … READ MORE
Regional Thematic -
Though 100 years have elapsed since World War I, it has not enjoyed the due attention of Bulgarian society and has been given very poor coverage in the Bulgarian media. This article will discuss the … READ MORE
Regional Thematic -
The centenary of the end of the Great War was celebrated in Romania as the “Centenary of the Great Union” of 1918 and an official program to commemorate this event was deployed both on national … READ MORE
Regional Thematic -
The anniversary has reaffirmed the belief that the First World War still has a very strong resonance in Serbian society. Numerous actors, state and private ones alike, took part in Serbia’s … READ MORE
Regional Thematic -
The National Committee for Commemorating the 100th Anniversaries of World War I (2014–2018) coordinated the centennial of the First World War in Slovenia. The many projects, exhibitions, … READ MORE
Regional Thematic -
In pre-war South East Europe, both civilian and military powers focused on the creation of independent national states and the reclamation of imperial ''irredenta''. This goal, aggressively pursued, … READ MORE
Regional Thematic -
The article examines the main characteristics of commemorative processes which took place after the First World War in several countries in South East Europe. In many cases, the citizens of future … READ MORE
Regional Thematic -
This article offers a synthetic picture of the presence of World War I motifs in South-Eastern European cinema. It also offers an overview of the filmography of World War I and some conclusions about … READ MORE
Regional Thematic -
The Bulgarian historiography of World War One can be divided into three periods: a period between the two world wars, a period of ideological interpretation (1944-1989, though a tendency toward … READ MORE
Regional Thematic -
Serbian historiography was analysed in light of Serbia’s historical position and role in the Western Balkans. The topics evolved out of the war’s origin and course, as well as out of Serbia’s … READ MORE
Regional Thematic -
The Serbian literature of the First World War, written by authors both from the Kingdom of Serbia and the Habsburg Monarchy, ranges from war chronicles by soldier-writers to avant-garde memoirs and … READ MORE
Regional Thematic -
While on the Western Front there were only limited territorial movements, the Eastern Front and warfare in southeastern Europe, including parts of Italy, had all the characteristics of mobile … READ MORE
Regional Thematic -
The occupation of South East Europe 1915-1918 had a complex structure reflecting different and often conflicting territorial claims and goals. In the fall of 1915 Serbia was divided into … READ MORE
Regional Thematic -
This article presents the main characteristics of organization and functioning of war economies in South East Europe, Serbia, Bulgaria, Romania, Greece, Montenegro and Albania, during the First World … READ MORE
Regional Thematic -
The First World War devastated the human workforce through death and invalidity and caused a massive destruction of infrastructure and material in South East Europe. Its economies underwent a major … READ MORE
Regional Thematic -
South East European societies faced several challenges in the post-war period. Their population changed significantly as a consequence of war losses, war-conditioned migrations and territorial … READ MORE
Regional Thematic -
Great War veterans both helped build Yugoslavia and aided in its collapse. Throughout the interwar period, some of Yugoslavia’s war veterans attempted to craft the fledgling state in their own … READ MORE
Regional Thematic -
Not unlike its regional counterparts, the standards of press and journalism in Serbia during the Great War was problematic. Most of the no more than twenty newspapers in Belgrade operating at the … READ MORE
Regional Thematic -
Nations of South East Europe had just ended a short but very intense period of war when, one by one, they became involved in global conflict. Some were forced in while others were attracted by … READ MORE
Regional Thematic -
This article analyzes the treatment and living conditions of prisoners of war (POWs) and civilian internees from Serbia, Montenegro and Romania in Austro-Hungarian, Bulgarian and German camps during … READ MORE
Regional Thematic -
This article explores the nature of propaganda in those South East European states and territories that participated in the First World War, specifically Bulgaria, Greece, Montenegro, Romania, … READ MORE
Regional Thematic -
This article offers a survey of the main currents in South East Europe in regard to the war aims of the belligerents from 1914. Some war aims had deep roots in the pre-war years. The author puts … READ MORE
Regional Thematic -
The main intention of this article is to chronologically present major events on the battlegrounds of South East Europe in the Great War and to demonstrate how it actually represented a continuation … READ MORE
Regional Thematic -
This article presents the role of women in South East Europe during World War I (1914-1918). Changing circumstances forced women to live behind the frontlines in wartime. Because men involved in the … READ MORE
Regional Thematic
Encyclopedic Entries
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The Balkan Wars were two sharp conflicts that heralded the onset of World War I. In the First Balkan War a loose alliance of Balkan States eliminated the Ottoman Empire from most of Europe. In the … READ MORE
Entry -
This article looks at the Black Hand from its origins to the demise of its leader, Dragutin Dimitrijević "Apis", in the Salonika Trial of 1917, focussing on the role the association played in … READ MORE
Entry -
Liberal Prime Minister Ionel Brătianu led the charge to transform Romania's foreign policy, after three decades on the same side with the Triple … READ MORE
Entry -
For three decades Romania’s foreign policy depended almost entirely upon King Carol I’s will. The secret alliance with Germany and Austria-Hungary was his sole political project. His death, which … READ MORE
Entry -
''Chetnik'' is a common name for a member of the auxiliary or paramilitary units used by the Serbian army for guerrilla warfare during the Great War. The ''chetnik'' tradition dates from the time of … READ MORE
Entry -
Count Heinrich Karl Clam-Martinic was a German-speaking Bohemian high aristocrat and close friend to heir apparent Archduke Franz Ferdinand. Under Emperor and King Charles I, Clam-Martinic was … READ MORE
Entry -
King Constantine I, a brave army officer but rather controversial in his political choices, is mainly known for his strong disagreement with Prime Minister Eleutherios Venizelos over the role of … READ MORE
Entry -
The Corfu Declaration was a formal agreement between the government-in-exile of the kingdom of Serbia and the Yugoslav Committee (anti-Habsburg South Slav émigrés) that pledged to unify Serbia with … READ MORE
Entry -
Tsar Ferdinand I of Bulgaria undoubtedly contributed to the modernization of the country. His name, however, is linked to two national catastrophes: Bulgaria’s participation in the Second Balkan … READ MORE
Entry -
A Romanian politician, Dumitru Ionescu, commonly known as Take Ionescu, was considered by his contemporaries to be one of the most erudite statesmen in Eastern Europe. He was one of the main … READ MORE
Entry -
Bishop Jeglič was one of the most prominent Slovenian Church figures in the era leading up to the outbreak of the First World War. His political actions during the war decisively shaped the … READ MORE
Entry -
Peter I Karadjordjević was King of Serbia from 1903 to 1918, and King of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes from 1918 to 1921. He also translated the essay “On Liberty” by John Stuart Mill … READ MORE
Entry -
Situated above the Austro-Hungarian naval base in the Bay of Kotor, Mount Lovćen was extremely important for both the Central Powers and the Entente. The mountain was a symbol of Montenegrin … READ MORE
Entry -
Macedonia was one of the main battlefields on the Balkan Front during World War I. The article describes the pre-war activities of the Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization (IMRO), its role … READ MORE
Entry -
Ioannis Metaxas was a conservative army officer and politician, who influenced decision-making in Greece during World War I by collaborating with King Constantine I. In 1936 he became head of an … READ MORE
Entry -
The Movement of National Defence was an organisation of Venizelist army officers and politicians who rose up against the royalist government in Athens in August 1916. They established a separate … READ MORE
Entry -
The Treaty of Neuilly was signed on 27 November 1919 between Bulgaria and the Allied and Associated Powers in Neuilly-sur-Seine, France. Its territorial clauses were considered by Bulgarian society … READ MORE
Entry -
Nikola Pašić was a Serbian/Yugoslav politician and statesman. He served twenty-two terms as prime minister and fourteen terms as foreign minister, some only a few months … READ MORE
Entry -
Kosta Pecanac was a prominent ''chetnik'' leader before the Great War and one of the leaders of the Toplica uprising against the Bulgarian and Austro-Hungarian occupation of Serbia in 1917. Between … READ MORE
Entry -
Infantry General Racho Petrov is a controversial figure in Bulgarian history. He served in four wars, was a long-standing chief of staff of the army, and twice prime minister of Bulgaria. During the … READ MORE
Entry -
The Prochaska Affair was a diplomatic dispute between Austria-Hungary and Serbia, ostensibly concerning the fate of the Austro-Hungarian consul in Prizren. However, it carried deeper implications for … READ MORE
Entry -
Dr. Vasil Radoslavov was a Bulgarian politician and Prime Minister from 1913 to 1918. As Prime Minister he played a decisive role in Bulgaria’s decision to enter the First World War on the side of … READ MORE
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Although rape was not usually systematic, it occurred frequently on all fronts during the First World War, during both invasion and occupation periods. It was often used in propaganda to discredit … READ MORE
Entry -
The Russian Expeditionary Force in France and in Macedonia (“Brigades russes en France et en Macédoine” in French and “Russkij èkspedicionnyj korpus” in Russian) was an ensemble of four … READ MORE
Entry -
The Russian Expeditionary Force in France and in Macedonia (“Brigades russes en France et en Macédoine” in French and “Russkij èkspedicionnyj korpus” in Russian) was an ensemble of four … READ MORE
Entry -
Although ''sanjak'' usually means any one of many Ottoman administrative units, one has become known as “the Sanjak.” Following the Treaty of Berlin the Sanjak of Novi Pazar became the symbol of … READ MORE
Entry -
Stephan Baron von Sarkotić was an Austro-Hungarian general who had already made his mark as a political officer prior to the outbreak of World War I. During the war, he formulated different … READ MORE
Entry -
The Scutari Crisis illustrates questions surrounding the creation of the new Albanian state at the beginning of the 20th century. It also shows the transformation of the aims of the First … READ MORE
Entry -
During the First World War, governments, civilians and soldiers alike prized smoking for its morale-boosting qualities, in addition to a medicinal effect following combat and periods of intense … READ MORE
Entry -
Ivan Šušteršič was a leading figure in the Slovenian and Habsburg political milieu prior to and during World War One. A prominent member of the Catholic People’s Party, he was at the forefront … READ MORE
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Greece’s Long Great War witnessed the mobilization of its young women as caretakers of its armed community. The “sisters” were volunteer pen pals that battled soldiers’ alienation and boredom … READ MORE
Entry -
Ante Trumbić was a Croat politician who played an instrumental role in the formation of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (Yugoslavia) in December 1918. Between 1905 and 1934, he served in a … READ MORE
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One of the most prominent and important statesmen in modern Greek history, Eleutherios Venizelos full-heartedly favored Greek participation in World War I on the side of the Entente. This caused … READ MORE
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Wilhelm Friedrich Heinrich Prince of Wied, born to a German Protestant noble family, reigned briefly as Prince of Albania from 7 March 1914 until 3 September 1914. In addition to domestic issues and … READ MORE
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Nikola Zhekov was a Bulgarian infantry general, the Bulgarian minister of war from August through October 1915, and commander-in-chief of the Bulgarian army during the First World War, from 1915 to … READ MORE
Entry
See also
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Alliances were an important feature of the international system on the eve of World War I. The formation of rival blocs of Great Powers has previously considered a major cause of the outbreak of war … READ MORE
Thematic -
The First World War and its direct repercussions in the postwar period (revolution, counterrevolution, the founding of republics, and the Paris peace treaties) mark a profound caesura not only in the … READ MORE
Thematic -
The term "atrocity" describes an act of violence condemned by contemporaries as a breach of morality or the laws of war. "Atrocities" are culturally constructed; by 1914, an international discourse … READ MORE
Thematic -
In the modern era, new forms of mourning and meaning-making for fallen soldiers emerged. The human losses of the First World War were largely mourned, honoured and remembered within … READ MORE
Thematic -
The centenary events surrounding the First World War have produced a significant amount of digital content in various forms, and thus has set a precedent for how large scale post-war memorisation can … READ MORE
Thematic -
This article discusses how European museums – in particular, national war museums – dealt with the centenary of World War I. These museums still tend to tell the story of World War I from a … READ MORE
Thematic -
The commemorative period between 2014 and 2018 was marked globally by numerous exhibitions of original artworks that had been commissioned and created during and immediately after World War 1. Most … READ MORE
Thematic -
The First World War ushered in an unprecedented wave of commemorations. Mass death elicited a construction spree in memorial objects and sites across all countries and territories involved in the … READ MORE
Thematic -
Controversy: The Media's Responsibility for Crises and Conflicts in the Age of Imperialism
By Peter Geiss
The article discusses the role of the media in the complex international process leading to the First World War with a focus on the press of the great powers. Recent research has shown that the … READ MORE
Thematic -
Crumbling of Empires and Emerging States: Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia as (Multi)national Countries
By Katrin Boeckh
During the First World War, Czechoslovakia and the Kingdom of the Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes (called “Yugoslavia” from 1929) emerged as new national states on the territories of the crumbling … READ MORE
Thematic -
During the entire war, warring powers used the “secret war” to try to break the balance of the battlefield. Generally created in the previous few decades, intelligence and security services saw … READ MORE
Thematic -
The rapid spread of epidemics ravaged military personnel and civilians in and outside Europe’s warzones during the Great War. Further, the great influenza pandemic of 1918-1919 became a global … READ MORE
Thematic -
This article focuses on the extent to which imperialism contributed to the outbreak of the First World War. The first part describes the emergence of specific imperialist cultures and attitudes in … READ MORE
Thematic -
By examining the origins, pathways, demographic impact and consequences for the public, the medical profession and governments, of the so-called “Spanish” influenza pandemic of 1918-1919, this … READ MORE
Thematic -
The international crisis that began with the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand in Sarajevo on 28 June 1914 and culminated in the British declaration of war on Germany on 4 August is referred … READ MORE
Thematic -
This article offers an overview of the progress of nationalism and the national idea starting with its origins as a mass political programme during the French Revolution and tracing its passage up to … READ MORE
Thematic -
After an initial wave of interest in 1914 and the immediate post-war period, international historiography long neglected the wartime occupation of territories inhabited by large civilian populations. … READ MORE
Thematic -
While World War I featured the largest armies ever assembled, it was also fought by unprecedented numbers of paramilitary fighters. In a situation where the line between combatant and non-combatant … READ MORE
Thematic -
The First World War caused unprecedented disruption to societies across the globe, from Western and (especially) Central and Eastern Europe to East Africa. While many survivors could celebrate an end … READ MORE
Thematic -
The First World War marked the shift from a 19th century, relatively ''ad hoc'' management of prisoners of war, to the 20th century’s sophisticated prisoner of war camp … READ MORE
Thematic -
This article addresses the scale of wartime population displacement in continental Europe, the relief efforts made on behalf of refugees, their impact on host communities, and the cultural … READ MORE
Thematic -
The conduct of warfare in 1914-1918 included extensive population resettlement in all theatres of war in Europe, both as a result of pre-emptive decisions by civilians to flee in order to evade the … READ MORE
Thematic -
This article surveys the various movements toward social, national, and political revolution that emerged during and in the wake of World War I. The Russian revolutions of 1917 serve as the first … READ MORE
Thematic -
This article explores how the anticipation, reality, and memory of sacrifice informed experiences and legacies of World War I. Drawing on representative examples from multiple nations, I suggest that … READ MORE
Thematic -
This article offers an overview of peacemaking after the First World War from the armistices of 1918 until 1923. It considers the outcomes of the five Parisian treaties (Versailles, Saint-Germain and … READ MORE
Thematic -
Imperialism shaped almost every facet of international politics from 1898 to 1914. Imperial concerns brought Britain into entente relationships with France and Russia. This Triple Entente often … READ MORE
Thematic -
The Balkan Wars erupted in South Eastern Europe in October 1912. Fighting continued intermittently in the region until July 1914. As the First World War expanded into much of Europe, fighting … READ MORE
Thematic -
Military sources provide the primary statistics of war losses and casualties during World War I. In order to review and eventually revise their figures, one must understand how military statistics … READ MORE
Thematic -
It may surprise us to learn that some sectors of the European public were in favour of the war in 1914. The impact of modern weapons was not well understood and many people in the government, … READ MORE
Thematic -
Female war reporters from belligerent and neutral countries were present in the major war theatres in Europe and the Middle East throughout 1914 to 1918. While admission of journalists to the war … READ MORE
Thematic
Survey Articles (Regional)
-
From 1912 to 1918 Bulgaria engaged in a prolonged conflict that began in victory in 1913 and ended in defeat in 1918. During that period, the conflict exhausted Bulgaria’s manpower and material … READ MORE
Regional -
Greece officially entered the Great War rather belatedly in June 1917, despite informal involvement since 1914. The war divided Greek political elites, leading the whole country into a civil strife … READ MORE
Regional -
Greece officially entered the Great War rather belatedly in June 1917, despite informal involvement since 1914. The war divided Greek political elites, leading the whole country into a civil strife … READ MORE
Regional -
Montenegro entered the First World War politically and militarily exhausted. The outcome of the First and Second Balkan Wars in 1912 and 1913 had a devastating impact on the future of Montenegro. … READ MORE
Regional -
Romania
By Harald Heppner and Rudolf Gräf
World War I afforded the first opportunity for modern Romania to participate in a war which had a larger than regional horizon (South East Europe). The most important reason for participation was … READ MORE
Regional -
A short synthesis on Serbia's role and experience in the Great War encompasses several questions that still provoke controversies and offer many carefully reexamined data on issues such as war … READ MORE
Regional -
The idea for the unification of the Southern Slavs emerged in the 19th century and the strength of its appeal varied over the course of its development. During the First World War, … READ MORE
Regional
Regional Thematic Articles
-
The Great War impacted the lives of almost every family in South East Europe. Unable to properly mourn the bodies of their loved ones who died at the front far from home, survivors combined … READ MORE
Regional Thematic -
Though 100 years have elapsed since World War I, it has not enjoyed the due attention of Bulgarian society and has been given very poor coverage in the Bulgarian media. This article will discuss the … READ MORE
Regional Thematic -
The centenary of the end of the Great War was celebrated in Romania as the “Centenary of the Great Union” of 1918 and an official program to commemorate this event was deployed both on national … READ MORE
Regional Thematic -
The anniversary has reaffirmed the belief that the First World War still has a very strong resonance in Serbian society. Numerous actors, state and private ones alike, took part in Serbia’s … READ MORE
Regional Thematic -
The National Committee for Commemorating the 100th Anniversaries of World War I (2014–2018) coordinated the centennial of the First World War in Slovenia. The many projects, exhibitions, … READ MORE
Regional Thematic -
In pre-war South East Europe, both civilian and military powers focused on the creation of independent national states and the reclamation of imperial ''irredenta''. This goal, aggressively pursued, … READ MORE
Regional Thematic -
The article examines the main characteristics of commemorative processes which took place after the First World War in several countries in South East Europe. In many cases, the citizens of future … READ MORE
Regional Thematic -
This article offers a synthetic picture of the presence of World War I motifs in South-Eastern European cinema. It also offers an overview of the filmography of World War I and some conclusions about … READ MORE
Regional Thematic -
The Bulgarian historiography of World War One can be divided into three periods: a period between the two world wars, a period of ideological interpretation (1944-1989, though a tendency toward … READ MORE
Regional Thematic -
Serbian historiography was analysed in light of Serbia’s historical position and role in the Western Balkans. The topics evolved out of the war’s origin and course, as well as out of Serbia’s … READ MORE
Regional Thematic -
The Serbian literature of the First World War, written by authors both from the Kingdom of Serbia and the Habsburg Monarchy, ranges from war chronicles by soldier-writers to avant-garde memoirs and … READ MORE
Regional Thematic -
While on the Western Front there were only limited territorial movements, the Eastern Front and warfare in southeastern Europe, including parts of Italy, had all the characteristics of mobile … READ MORE
Regional Thematic -
The occupation of South East Europe 1915-1918 had a complex structure reflecting different and often conflicting territorial claims and goals. In the fall of 1915 Serbia was divided into … READ MORE
Regional Thematic -
This article presents the main characteristics of organization and functioning of war economies in South East Europe, Serbia, Bulgaria, Romania, Greece, Montenegro and Albania, during the First World … READ MORE
Regional Thematic -
The First World War devastated the human workforce through death and invalidity and caused a massive destruction of infrastructure and material in South East Europe. Its economies underwent a major … READ MORE
Regional Thematic -
South East European societies faced several challenges in the post-war period. Their population changed significantly as a consequence of war losses, war-conditioned migrations and territorial … READ MORE
Regional Thematic -
Great War veterans both helped build Yugoslavia and aided in its collapse. Throughout the interwar period, some of Yugoslavia’s war veterans attempted to craft the fledgling state in their own … READ MORE
Regional Thematic -
Not unlike its regional counterparts, the standards of press and journalism in Serbia during the Great War was problematic. Most of the no more than twenty newspapers in Belgrade operating at the … READ MORE
Regional Thematic -
Nations of South East Europe had just ended a short but very intense period of war when, one by one, they became involved in global conflict. Some were forced in while others were attracted by … READ MORE
Regional Thematic -
This article analyzes the treatment and living conditions of prisoners of war (POWs) and civilian internees from Serbia, Montenegro and Romania in Austro-Hungarian, Bulgarian and German camps during … READ MORE
Regional Thematic -
This article explores the nature of propaganda in those South East European states and territories that participated in the First World War, specifically Bulgaria, Greece, Montenegro, Romania, … READ MORE
Regional Thematic -
This article offers a survey of the main currents in South East Europe in regard to the war aims of the belligerents from 1914. Some war aims had deep roots in the pre-war years. The author puts … READ MORE
Regional Thematic -
The main intention of this article is to chronologically present major events on the battlegrounds of South East Europe in the Great War and to demonstrate how it actually represented a continuation … READ MORE
Regional Thematic -
This article presents the role of women in South East Europe during World War I (1914-1918). Changing circumstances forced women to live behind the frontlines in wartime. Because men involved in the … READ MORE
Regional Thematic
Encyclopedic Entries
-
The Balkan Wars were two sharp conflicts that heralded the onset of World War I. In the First Balkan War a loose alliance of Balkan States eliminated the Ottoman Empire from most of Europe. In the … READ MORE
Entry -
This article looks at the Black Hand from its origins to the demise of its leader, Dragutin Dimitrijević "Apis", in the Salonika Trial of 1917, focussing on the role the association played in … READ MORE
Entry -
Liberal Prime Minister Ionel Brătianu led the charge to transform Romania's foreign policy, after three decades on the same side with the Triple … READ MORE
Entry -
For three decades Romania’s foreign policy depended almost entirely upon King Carol I’s will. The secret alliance with Germany and Austria-Hungary was his sole political project. His death, which … READ MORE
Entry -
''Chetnik'' is a common name for a member of the auxiliary or paramilitary units used by the Serbian army for guerrilla warfare during the Great War. The ''chetnik'' tradition dates from the time of … READ MORE
Entry -
Count Heinrich Karl Clam-Martinic was a German-speaking Bohemian high aristocrat and close friend to heir apparent Archduke Franz Ferdinand. Under Emperor and King Charles I, Clam-Martinic was … READ MORE
Entry -
King Constantine I, a brave army officer but rather controversial in his political choices, is mainly known for his strong disagreement with Prime Minister Eleutherios Venizelos over the role of … READ MORE
Entry -
The Corfu Declaration was a formal agreement between the government-in-exile of the kingdom of Serbia and the Yugoslav Committee (anti-Habsburg South Slav émigrés) that pledged to unify Serbia with … READ MORE
Entry -
Tsar Ferdinand I of Bulgaria undoubtedly contributed to the modernization of the country. His name, however, is linked to two national catastrophes: Bulgaria’s participation in the Second Balkan … READ MORE
Entry -
A Romanian politician, Dumitru Ionescu, commonly known as Take Ionescu, was considered by his contemporaries to be one of the most erudite statesmen in Eastern Europe. He was one of the main … READ MORE
Entry -
Bishop Jeglič was one of the most prominent Slovenian Church figures in the era leading up to the outbreak of the First World War. His political actions during the war decisively shaped the … READ MORE
Entry -
Peter I Karadjordjević was King of Serbia from 1903 to 1918, and King of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes from 1918 to 1921. He also translated the essay “On Liberty” by John Stuart Mill … READ MORE
Entry -
Situated above the Austro-Hungarian naval base in the Bay of Kotor, Mount Lovćen was extremely important for both the Central Powers and the Entente. The mountain was a symbol of Montenegrin … READ MORE
Entry -
Macedonia was one of the main battlefields on the Balkan Front during World War I. The article describes the pre-war activities of the Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization (IMRO), its role … READ MORE
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Ioannis Metaxas was a conservative army officer and politician, who influenced decision-making in Greece during World War I by collaborating with King Constantine I. In 1936 he became head of an … READ MORE
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The Movement of National Defence was an organisation of Venizelist army officers and politicians who rose up against the royalist government in Athens in August 1916. They established a separate … READ MORE
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The Treaty of Neuilly was signed on 27 November 1919 between Bulgaria and the Allied and Associated Powers in Neuilly-sur-Seine, France. Its territorial clauses were considered by Bulgarian society … READ MORE
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Nikola Pašić was a Serbian/Yugoslav politician and statesman. He served twenty-two terms as prime minister and fourteen terms as foreign minister, some only a few months … READ MORE
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Kosta Pecanac was a prominent ''chetnik'' leader before the Great War and one of the leaders of the Toplica uprising against the Bulgarian and Austro-Hungarian occupation of Serbia in 1917. Between … READ MORE
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Infantry General Racho Petrov is a controversial figure in Bulgarian history. He served in four wars, was a long-standing chief of staff of the army, and twice prime minister of Bulgaria. During the … READ MORE
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The Prochaska Affair was a diplomatic dispute between Austria-Hungary and Serbia, ostensibly concerning the fate of the Austro-Hungarian consul in Prizren. However, it carried deeper implications for … READ MORE
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Dr. Vasil Radoslavov was a Bulgarian politician and Prime Minister from 1913 to 1918. As Prime Minister he played a decisive role in Bulgaria’s decision to enter the First World War on the side of … READ MORE
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Although rape was not usually systematic, it occurred frequently on all fronts during the First World War, during both invasion and occupation periods. It was often used in propaganda to discredit … READ MORE
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The Russian Expeditionary Force in France and in Macedonia (“Brigades russes en France et en Macédoine” in French and “Russkij èkspedicionnyj korpus” in Russian) was an ensemble of four … READ MORE
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The Russian Expeditionary Force in France and in Macedonia (“Brigades russes en France et en Macédoine” in French and “Russkij èkspedicionnyj korpus” in Russian) was an ensemble of four … READ MORE
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Although ''sanjak'' usually means any one of many Ottoman administrative units, one has become known as “the Sanjak.” Following the Treaty of Berlin the Sanjak of Novi Pazar became the symbol of … READ MORE
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Stephan Baron von Sarkotić was an Austro-Hungarian general who had already made his mark as a political officer prior to the outbreak of World War I. During the war, he formulated different … READ MORE
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The Scutari Crisis illustrates questions surrounding the creation of the new Albanian state at the beginning of the 20th century. It also shows the transformation of the aims of the First … READ MORE
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During the First World War, governments, civilians and soldiers alike prized smoking for its morale-boosting qualities, in addition to a medicinal effect following combat and periods of intense … READ MORE
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Ivan Šušteršič was a leading figure in the Slovenian and Habsburg political milieu prior to and during World War One. A prominent member of the Catholic People’s Party, he was at the forefront … READ MORE
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Greece’s Long Great War witnessed the mobilization of its young women as caretakers of its armed community. The “sisters” were volunteer pen pals that battled soldiers’ alienation and boredom … READ MORE
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Ante Trumbić was a Croat politician who played an instrumental role in the formation of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (Yugoslavia) in December 1918. Between 1905 and 1934, he served in a … READ MORE
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One of the most prominent and important statesmen in modern Greek history, Eleutherios Venizelos full-heartedly favored Greek participation in World War I on the side of the Entente. This caused … READ MORE
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Wilhelm Friedrich Heinrich Prince of Wied, born to a German Protestant noble family, reigned briefly as Prince of Albania from 7 March 1914 until 3 September 1914. In addition to domestic issues and … READ MORE
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Nikola Zhekov was a Bulgarian infantry general, the Bulgarian minister of war from August through October 1915, and commander-in-chief of the Bulgarian army during the First World War, from 1915 to … READ MORE
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