Regions Bulgaria

Survey Articles (Regional)

• Bulgaria

  By Richard C. Hall

  

  From 1912 to 1918 Bulgaria engaged in a prolonged conflict that began in victory in 1913 and ended in defeat in 1918. During that period, the conflict exhausted Bulgaria’s manpower and material … READ MORE

  Regional

Regional Thematic Articles

• Bereavement and Mourning (South East Europe)

  By Olga Manojlovic Pintar

  

  The Great War impacted the lives of almost every family in South East Europe. Unable to properly mourn the bodies of their loved ones who died at the front far from home, survivors combined … READ MORE

  Regional Thematic

• Centenary (Bulgaria)

  By Gueorgui Peev

  

  Though 100 years have elapsed since World War I, it has not enjoyed the due attention of Bulgarian society and has been given very poor coverage in the Bulgarian media. This article will discuss the … READ MORE

  Regional Thematic

• Civilian and Military Power (South East Europe)

  By John Paul Newman

  

  In pre-war South East Europe, both civilian and military powers focused on the creation of independent national states and the reclamation of imperial ''irredenta''. This goal, aggressively pursued, … READ MORE

  Regional Thematic

• Commemoration, Cult of the Fallen (South East Europe)

  By Danilo Šarenac

  

  The article examines the main characteristics of commemorative processes which took place after the First World War in several countries in South East Europe. In many cases, the citizens of future … READ MORE

  Regional Thematic

• Film/Cinema (South East Europe)

  By Radina Vučetić

  This article offers a synthetic picture of the presence of World War I motifs in South-Eastern European cinema. It also offers an overview of the filmography of World War I and some conclusions about … READ MORE

  Regional Thematic

• Historiography 1918-Today: Bulgaria (South East Europe)

  By Stefan Marinov Minkov

  The Bulgarian historiography of World War One can be divided into three periods: a period between the two world wars, a period of ideological interpretation (1944-1989, though a tendency toward … READ MORE

  Regional Thematic

• Occupation during and after the War (South East Europe)

  By Milan Ristović

  

  The occupation of South East Europe 1915-1918 had a complex structure reflecting different and often conflicting territorial claims and goals. In the fall of 1915 Serbia was divided into … READ MORE

  Regional Thematic

• Post-war Economies (South East Europe)

  By Ian Innerhofer

  

  The First World War devastated the human workforce through death and invalidity and caused a massive destruction of infrastructure and material in South East Europe. Its economies underwent a major … READ MORE

  Regional Thematic

• Post-war Societies (South East Europe)

  By Ian Innerhofer

  

  South East European societies faced several challenges in the post-war period. Their population changed significantly as a consequence of war losses, war-conditioned migrations and territorial … READ MORE

  Regional Thematic

• Pre-war Military Planning (South East Europe)

  By Dmitar Tasić

  

  Nations of South East Europe had just ended a short but very intense period of war when, one by one, they became involved in global conflict. Some were forced in while others were attracted by … READ MORE

  Regional Thematic

• Prisoners of War and Internees (South East Europe)

  By Bogdan Trifunović

  

  This article analyzes the treatment and living conditions of prisoners of war (POWs) and civilian internees from Serbia, Montenegro and Romania in Austro-Hungarian, Bulgarian and German camps during … READ MORE

  Regional Thematic

• Propaganda at Home and in Exile (South East Europe)

  By Samuel Foster

  

  This article explores the nature of propaganda in those South East European states and territories that participated in the First World War, specifically Bulgaria, Greece, Montenegro, Romania, … READ MORE

  Regional Thematic

• War Aims and War Aims Discussions (South East Europe)

  By Mile Bjelajac

  

  This article offers a survey of the main currents in South East Europe in regard to the war aims of the belligerents from 1914. Some war aims had deep roots in the pre-war years. The author puts … READ MORE

  Regional Thematic

• Warfare 1914-1918 (South East Europe)

  By Dmitar Tasić

  

  The main intention of this article is to chronologically present major events on the battlegrounds of South East Europe in the Great War and to demonstrate how it actually represented a continuation … READ MORE

  Regional Thematic

• Women's Mobilization for War (South East Europe)

  By Božica Mladenović

  

  This article presents the role of women in South East Europe during World War I (1914-1918). Changing circumstances forced women to live behind the frontlines in wartime. Because men involved in the … READ MORE

  Regional Thematic

Encyclopedic Entries

• Balkan Wars 1912-1913

  By Richard C. Hall

  

  The Balkan Wars were two sharp conflicts that heralded the onset of World War I. In the First Balkan War a loose alliance of Balkan States eliminated the Ottoman Empire from most of Europe. In the … READ MORE

  Entry

• Ferdinand I, Tsar of Bulgaria

  By Stefan Marinov Minkov

  

  Tsar Ferdinand I of Bulgaria undoubtedly contributed to the modernization of the country. His name, however, is linked to two national catastrophes: Bulgaria’s participation in the Second Balkan … READ MORE

  Entry

• Macedonia and the Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization

  By Tetsuya Sahara

  

  Macedonia was one of the main battlefields on the Balkan Front during World War I. The article describes the pre-war activities of the Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization (IMRO), its role … READ MORE

  Entry

• Neuilly-sur-Seine, Treaty of

  By Stefan Marinov Minkov

  The Treaty of Neuilly was signed on 27 November 1919 between Bulgaria and the Allied and Associated Powers in Neuilly-sur-Seine, France. Its territorial clauses were considered by Bulgarian society … READ MORE

  Entry

• Petrov, Racho Stoi︠a︡nov

  By Stefan Marinov Minkov

  

  Infantry General Racho Petrov is a controversial figure in Bulgarian history. He served in four wars, was a long-standing chief of staff of the army, and twice prime minister of Bulgaria. During the … READ MORE

  Entry

• Radoslavov, Vasil

  By Vasil Paraskevov

  

  Dr. Vasil Radoslavov was a Bulgarian politician and Prime Minister from 1913 to 1918. As Prime Minister he played a decisive role in Bulgaria’s decision to enter the First World War on the side of … READ MORE

  Entry

• Smoking and Cigarette Consumption

  By Michael Reeve

  

  During the First World War, governments, civilians and soldiers alike prized smoking for its morale-boosting qualities, in addition to a medicinal effect following combat and periods of intense … READ MORE

  Entry

• Zhekov, Nikola

  By Deniza Petrova

  

  Nikola Zhekov was a Bulgarian infantry general, the Bulgarian minister of war from August through October 1915, and commander-in-chief of the Bulgarian army during the First World War, from 1915 to … READ MORE

  Entry

See also

• Alliance System 1914

  By Günther Kronenbitter

  

  Alliances were an important feature of the international system on the eve of World War I. The formation of rival blocs of Great Powers has previously considered a major cause of the outbreak of war … READ MORE

  Thematic

• Antisemitism

  By Werner Bergmann and Ulrich Wyrwa

  

  The First World War and its direct repercussions in the postwar period (revolution, counterrevolution, the founding of republics, and the Paris peace treaties) mark a profound caesura not only in the … READ MORE

  Thematic

• Bereavement and Mourning

  By Manfred Hettling and Tino Schölz

  

  In the modern era, new forms of mourning and meaning-making for fallen soldiers emerged. The human losses of the First World War were largely mourned, honoured and remembered within … READ MORE

  Thematic

• Centenary (Internet)

  By Lorna M. Hughes and Ian G. Anderson

  The centenary events surrounding the First World War have produced a significant amount of digital content in various forms, and thus has set a precedent for how large scale post-war memorisation can … READ MORE

  Thematic

• Centenary (Museums)

  By Andrea Brait

  

  This article discusses how European museums – in particular, national war museums – dealt with the centenary of World War I. These museums still tend to tell the story of World War I from a … READ MORE

  Thematic

• Nationalism

  By John Paul Newman

  

  This article offers an overview of the progress of nationalism and the national idea starting with its origins as a mass political programme during the French Revolution and tracing its passage up to … READ MORE

  Thematic

• Occupation during the War

  By Gustavo Corni

  

  After an initial wave of interest in 1914 and the immediate post-war period, international historiography long neglected the wartime occupation of territories inhabited by large civilian populations. … READ MORE

  Thematic

• Paramilitary Violence

  By Annemarie Sammartino

  

  While World War I featured the largest armies ever assembled, it was also fought by unprecedented numbers of paramilitary fighters. In a situation where the line between combatant and non-combatant … READ MORE

  Thematic

• Prisoners of War

  By Heather Jones

  

  The First World War marked the shift from a 19^th century, relatively ''ad hoc'' management of prisoners of war, to the 20^th century’s sophisticated prisoner of war camp … READ MORE

  Thematic

• Refugees

  By Peter Gatrell

  

  This article addresses the scale of wartime population displacement in continental Europe, the relief efforts made on behalf of refugees, their impact on host communities, and the cultural … READ MORE

  Thematic

• Resettlement

  By Peter Gatrell

  

  The conduct of warfare in 1914-1918 included extensive population resettlement in all theatres of war in Europe, both as a result of pre-emptive decisions by civilians to flee in order to evade the … READ MORE

  Thematic

• Revolutions

  By Chad R. Fulwider

  

  This article surveys the various movements toward social, national, and political revolution that emerged during and in the wake of World War I. The Russian revolutions of 1917 serve as the first … READ MORE

  Thematic

• The Paris Peace Conference and its Consequences

  By Alan Sharp

  

  This article offers an overview of peacemaking after the First World War from the armistices of 1918 until 1923. It considers the outcomes of the five Parisian treaties (Versailles, Saint-Germain and … READ MORE

  Thematic

• War in the Balkans

  By Richard C. Hall

  

  The Balkan Wars erupted in South Eastern Europe in October 1912. Fighting continued intermittently in the region until July 1914. As the First World War expanded into much of Europe, fighting … READ MORE

  Thematic

• Willingly to War. Public Response to the Outbreak of War

  By Jean-Jacques Becker

  

  It may surprise us to learn that some sectors of the European public were in favour of the war in 1914. The impact of modern weapons was not well understood and many people in the government, … READ MORE

  Thematic