Regions Portugal

Survey Articles (Regional)

• Portugal

  By Maria Fernanda Rollo, Ana Paula Pires and Filipe Ribeiro de Meneses

  

  Portugal’s participation in the First World War was depicted by its supporters as a vital component of the consolidation of the country’s young republican regime (established in 1910) and its … READ MORE

  Regional

Regional Thematic Articles

• Art (Portugal)

  By Pedro Lapa

  

  The Great War coincided with a period of great changes and conceptions as regards artistic trends. The official nomination of painter Sousa Lopes to represent Portugal in the global conflict followed … READ MORE

  Regional Thematic

• Between Acceptance and Refusal - Soldiers' Attitudes Towards War (Portugal)

  By Filipe Ribeiro de Meneses

  

  Establishing the attitude of Portuguese soldiers towards the First World War and their role in it is a difficult task. Largely illiterate men left relatively little trace of their opinion in the … READ MORE

  Regional Thematic

• Civil-Military Relations during World War I (Portugal)

  By Filipe Ribeiro de Meneses

  

  Portugal went to war in March 1916 with a government and an army that did not sit comfortably with each other. The young republican regime’s relationship with its armed forces was difficult despite … READ MORE

  Regional Thematic

• Diplomacy (Portugal)

  By Pedro Aires Oliveira

  

  The diplomacy of Portugal’s participation in the Great War was largely determined by the desire of elites to improve the international standing of the country, as well as by domestic factors … READ MORE

  Regional Thematic

• Disease and Public Health (Portugal)

  By Rita Garnel

  

  In recent years, the number of studies on the Portuguese First Republican experience has tripled. The centennial commemoration of the Republican regime in 2010 was a powerful incentive. The aim of … READ MORE

  Regional Thematic

• Film/Cinema (Portugal)

  By Tiago Baptista

  

  This article discusses the production and reception of Portuguese and foreign “war movies” in Portugal during 1914-1918. It focuses on non-fiction cinema but includes a brief description of the … READ MORE

  Regional Thematic

• Food and Nutrition (Portugal)

  By Maria Fernanda Rollo and Ana Paula Pires

  During the Great War consumers emerged as a new demanding group within European society. Their demands for fairer prices almost always emerged in connection with the need for broader reform of both … READ MORE

  Regional Thematic

• Governments, Parliaments and Parties (Portugal)

  By Filipe Ribeiro de Meneses

  

  Founded in October 1910, the Portuguese Republic was soon mired in turmoil. The victorious Portuguese Republican Party, in reality a broad ideological coalition united only by the desire to topple … READ MORE

  Regional Thematic

• Historiography 1918-Today (Portugal)

  By Ana Paula Pires and Filipe Ribeiro de Meneses

  

  This article attempts to chart the historiography of the First World War in Portugal from 1918 to the present. It notes that its development was largely conditioned by the country’s political … READ MORE

  Regional Thematic

• Labour Movements, Trade Unions and Strikes (Portugal)

  By Joana Dias Pereira

  

  This article focuses on the interaction between the development of industrial social relations and the political opportunity structure of state democratization in shaping the Portuguese labour … READ MORE

  Regional Thematic

• Labour (Portugal)

  By Ana Carina Gerardo da Silva Azevedo

  

  This article describes the main characteristics of Portuguese production structures and the national labour force during the First World War. In addition to highlighting the impacts of the conflict … READ MORE

  Regional Thematic

• Literature (Portugal)

  By Francisco Miguel Araújo

  

  World War I, the only global conflict in which Portugal participated during the 20^th century, has provided the background to a prolific literary production that extended for several … READ MORE

  Regional Thematic

• Making Sense of the War (Portugal)

  By Filipe Ribeiro de Meneses

  

  A latecomer to the war, Portugal underwent a long and divisive debate about whether to participate in the conflict. This debate was essentially carried out within its relatively small literate … READ MORE

  Regional Thematic

• Mourning and Cult of the Fallen (Portugal)

  By Silvia Correia

  

  Portugal’s participation in the First World War, first in Africa and then on the European front, was marked by profound discord. In light of the crisis that swept across the nation in the wake of … READ MORE

  Regional Thematic

• Music (Portugal)

  By Pedro Félix

  

  This article concerns music production in Portugal during the war years. In order to understand its characteristics, it is necessary to consider a longer period of time (the so-called “First … READ MORE

  Regional Thematic

• Organization of War Economies (Portugal)

  By Ana Paula Pires and Maria Fernanda Rollo

  

  This article seeks to analyze the organization of Portugal’s wartime economy. It presents some of the main characteristics of the Portuguese productive system between 1914 and 1918, demonstrating … READ MORE

  Regional Thematic

• Post-war Political Consequences (Portugal)

  By Maria Alice Samara

  

  This article will address the key political features in the post-war years of the Portuguese First Republic (1919-1926). Although the strategy of participation in the First World War opened a … READ MORE

  Regional Thematic

• Post-war Settlement (Portugal)

  By Filipe Ribeiro de Meneses

  

  Two factors made it especially important for Portugal’s interventionists not only to seize control of the Paris Peace Conference negotiations, but also to emerge victorious from the conference. The … READ MORE

  Regional Thematic

• Post-war Societies (Portugal)

  By Paulo Eduardo Guimarães

  

  High inflation, strikes, labour organization, war profiteering and “moral corruption” shaped post-war Portuguese society. As a class of nouveau riche emerged, the income of the middle classes … READ MORE

  Regional Thematic

• Press Censorship (Portugal)

  By Noémia Malva Novais

  

  When we think of the press and journalism in Portugal under the First Republic (1910-1926), and especially during World War I (1914-1918), we necessarily consider whether they constituted, at this … READ MORE

  Regional Thematic

• Propaganda at Home (Portugal)

  By Noémia Malva Novais

  

  Propaganda, like censorship, is legitimized by states at war due to the alleged superior interest of the nation. Through censorship, states prevent, or seek to prevent, newspapers from publishing … READ MORE

  Regional Thematic

• Religion (Portugal)

  By Maria Lúcia de Brito Moura

  

  World War One represented a turning point in the relationship between churches and the Portuguese state. Both Catholics and Protestants perceived the conflict as an opportunity to expand their scope … READ MORE

  Regional Thematic

• Revolutions (Portugal)

  By Filipe Ribeiro de Meneses

  

  Portugal’s participation in the First World War, never consensual, was marked by a number of violent episodes that first undermined and then overthrew the Sacred Union government. Some of these … READ MORE

  Regional Thematic

• Science and Technology (Portugal)

  By José Luís Assis

  This article focuses on the Portuguese war-related science and technology developments during the participation in the Great War by the Corpo Expedicionário Português (Portuguese Expeditionary … READ MORE

  Regional Thematic

• Social Conflict and Control, Protest and Repression (Portugal)

  By Joana Dias Pereira

  

  This article analyses the evolution of the repertoire of collective action during the First World War, in its different forms including strikes, public protests, demonstrations, riots, assaults, etc. … READ MORE

  Regional Thematic

• War Aims and War Aims Discussions (Portugal)

  By Filipe Ribeiro de Meneses

  

  Portugal’s wartime governments never formulated a concrete set of war aims. The nature of the country’s intervention did not lend itself to this kind of debate. With a long-defined border with … READ MORE

  Regional Thematic

• Warfare 1914-1918 (Portugal)

  By Filipe Ribeiro de Meneses

  

  Though safely removed from the main European conflict zones, Portugal was nevertheless an active belligerent during the First World War. Its forces engaged the enemy on land, at sea, and in the air. … READ MORE

  Regional Thematic

• War Finance (Portugal)

  By Luciano Amaral and Álvaro da Silva

  

  Portugal financed the extraordinary expenditures of the First World War in the same way as many other countries, i.e. running budgetary deficits, issuing debt, and printing money. By the end of the … READ MORE

  Regional Thematic

• War Losses (Portugal)

  By João Moreira Tavares

  

  Many figures have been presented over the years to quantify the human losses that Portugal suffered during the Great War. Data available online beginning in April 2014 in the virtual ''Memorial to … READ MORE

  Regional Thematic

• Women's Mobilization for War (Portugal)

  By Maria Alice Samara

  

  The participation of Portugal in the First World War opened up a very important discussion in the political field, dividing those who defended Portuguese intervention and those who questioned this … READ MORE

  Regional Thematic

Encyclopedic Entries

• Carnegie, Lancelot

  By Bruno J. Navarro

  

  Minister plenipotentiary for England in Lisbon, there was consensus about Lancelot Carnegie as a diplomat in Portuguese public opinion. He was recognized as one of the people responsible for the … READ MORE

  Entry

• Carrier Pigeons (Portugal)

  By João Moreira Tavares

  

  Since ancient times, carrier pigeons have been used successfully in various armed conflicts. After the Franco-Prussian War of 1870/71, several European armies created a pigeon service. During World … READ MORE

  Entry

• Costa, Afonso

  By Filipe Ribeiro de Meneses

  

  Afonso Costa’s name is indelibly attached to Portuguese interventionism. He led the government when Portugal entered the First World War in March 1916; participated in the first Sacred Union … READ MORE

  Entry

• Emigration (Portugal)

  By Yvette Santos

  This article analyzes the characteristics of Portuguese emigration to France and England during the First World War, which was provoked by the reduction of Portuguese emigration to traditional … READ MORE

  Entry

• Empire

  By Erez Manela

  

  World War I was not simply a conflict among European states but a global war of empires. The fighting took place not only in Europe, but also in Africa, Asia, and across the Middle East, and it … READ MORE

  Entry

• Garcez, Arnaldo

  By Carlos Silveira

  

  Arnaldo Garcez was the only official photographer of the Portuguese army on the Western Front, a fact that hints at the importance of his mission. Arriving in France in 1917, he thoroughly reported … READ MORE

  Entry

• Lys, Battle of the

  By Filipe Ribeiro de Meneses

  

   … READ MORE

  Entry

• Machado, Bernardino

  By Sérgio Neto

  

  Bernardino Machado was the prime minister of Portugal during the July Crisis of 1914. As president of the Portuguese Republic (1915-1917) he promoted the formation of a Sacred Union Cabinet that … READ MORE

  Entry

• Matos, Norton de

  By Sérgio Neto

  

  Norton de Matos was minister of war during the first two years of Portuguese participation in the conflict (1916-1917). He was the main organizer of the Expeditionary Corps that fought on the Western … READ MORE

  Entry

• Pais, Sidónio

  By Sérgio Neto

  

  The army major and university teacher Sidónio Pais served as the Portuguese minister (ambassador) in Berlin between August 1912 and March 1916. In December 1917, after a military coup, Pais became … READ MORE

  Entry

• Portuguese Expeditionary Corps

  By Filipe Ribeiro de Meneses

  

  The Portuguese Expeditionary Corps was the most important Portuguese military contribution to the First World War. Its troops began to arrive in France in February 1917 but it soon developed a … READ MORE

  Entry

• Portuguese India

  By Célia Reis

  Although not directly involved in military operations, Portuguese India was linked to World War I through the capture of German and Austrian ships and the imprisonment of their crewmen. This period … READ MORE

  Entry

• Portuguese Macau

  By Célia Reis

  During World War One, Macau's main problem was its relationship with China. This stemmed from the consequences of its internal tensions and the lack of recognition of the Portuguese borders. However, … READ MORE

  Entry

• Portuguese Timor

  By Célia Reis

  The Portuguese territory of Timor was affected by the war mainly because of its proximity to the Dutch colony, the Dutch East Indies. Furthermore, without lines of transportation and communication, … READ MORE

  Entry

• Renascença Portuguesa

  By Eliana Brites Rosa

  

  The ''Renascença Portuguesa'' (1912-1932) was an important cultural movement during the republican regime (1910-1926) in Portugal. This intellectual group was founded in Porto, in the northern part … READ MORE

  Entry

• Roçadas, José Augusto Alves

  By José Luís Assis

  

  José Augusto Alves Roçadas led African pacification campaigns and was a colonial governor, as well as the commander of the Portuguese Expeditionary Force and Portuguese Expeditionary … READ MORE

  Entry

• Rosado, Tomás Garcia

  By José Luís Assis

  

  Tomás António Garcia Rosado was a Portuguese expeditionary commander and colonial administrator. He served as commander of the Portuguese Expeditionary Corps during and shortly after World War I. … READ MORE

  Entry

• Sousa Lopes, Adriano de

  By Carlos Silveira

  

  The painter Adriano de Sousa Lopes was the only official Portuguese war artist in the Great War, stationed on the Western Front. Like most of his international colleagues, he produced remarkable … READ MORE

  Entry

• Tamagnini de Abreu e Silva, Fernando

  By José Luís Assis

  

  Fernando Tamagnini de Abreu e Silva was a Portuguese general during World War I. He organized the Instruction Division in Tancos and served as commander of the Portuguese Expeditionary … READ MORE

  Entry

See also

• Bereavement and Mourning

  By Manfred Hettling and Tino Schölz

  

  In the modern era, new forms of mourning and meaning-making for fallen soldiers emerged. The human losses of the First World War were largely mourned, honoured and remembered within … READ MORE

  Thematic

• Colonial Empires after the War/Decolonization

  By James E. Kitchen

  

  The First World War saw the colonial empires of France and Britain mobilised to aid European and imperial war efforts. This mobilisation and the difficulties of demobilisation placed considerable … READ MORE

  Thematic

• Imperialism

  By Boris Barth

  

  This article focuses on the extent to which imperialism contributed to the outbreak of the First World War. The first part describes the emergence of specific imperialist cultures and attitudes in … READ MORE

  Thematic

• Willingly to War. Public Response to the Outbreak of War

  By Jean-Jacques Becker

  

  It may surprise us to learn that some sectors of the European public were in favour of the war in 1914. The impact of modern weapons was not well understood and many people in the government, … READ MORE

  Thematic